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Hydrogen bonding is referred to the process of forming hydrogen bonds that are a great intermolecular force’s special class which takes place as a result of the interaction between the highly electronegative atom and hydrogen atom. For example, water which can be written as (H2O), hydrogen is covalently bonded to electronegative atoms. As a result, hydrogen bonding rises in the water molecules because of the dipole-dipole interactions among oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms.
In simple terms, hydrogen bonding is the formation of hydrogen bonds. Today, we are going to learn about hydrogen bonding along with its related topics in detail.
Explain Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding mainly occurs between an electronegative and a hydrogen atom. Some of the common electronegative atoms are fluorine, chlorine, and oxygen. Compared to the ionic or covalent bond, the hydrogen bond is generally weaker. On the other hand, it is believed to be much stronger than the van der Waals forces. Further, the hydrogen bonds are classified in the category of the weak chemical bond.
Examples of Hydrogen Bonding
Here are some common examples of hydrogen bonding –
Hydrogen bonding in the hydrogen fluoride
Since fluorine has the highest value of electronegativity, it leads to the formation of the strongest hydrogen bond.
H−F···H−F···H−F
Hydrogen bonding in the water
A water molecule has a highly electronegative oxygen atom connected to hydrogen atoms. Since the oxygen atom attracts the electron’s shared pair, its end becomes negative, whereas the hydrogen atom becomes positive.
Hydrogen bonding in the ammonia
It has electronegative atom nitrogen connected to hydrogen atoms.
Hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acid and alcohols
Alcohol can be described as the organic molecule which has an -OH group.
Hydrogen bonding in the polymer
In order to determine 3D structures and properties which are acquired by natural and synthetic proteins, hydrogen bonding is a crucial factor. It also plays a significant role to define the cellulose structure along with derived polymers, including flax or cotton.
Types of Hydrogen Bonding
There are mainly two significant types of hydrogen (H) bonds. Here they are –
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding
In case hydrogen bonding takes place between molecules that have either the same or different compounds, these are referred to as intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Common examples of intermolecular hydrogen bonding include hydrogen bonding in water, alcohol, ammonia, and so on.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is referred to the hydrogen bonding which mainly occurs in the molecule itself. This type of hydrogen bonding takes place in compounds that have two groups. Out of the two groups, one group has a hydrogen atom, whereas another group has the highly electronegative atom.
Hydrogen Bonding Properties
The following are the properties of hydrogen bonding –
Volatility – Since the compounds with hydrogen that bonds between several different molecules possess a higher boiling point, these are comparatively less volatile.
Surface and Viscosity tension – Substances that have hydrogen bonding exist as the associated molecule. Therefore, their flow is way difficult. However, they have more viscosity and surface tension.
Solubility – Since hydrogen bonding can take place between alcohol and water molecules, the alcohol is more soluble in the water.
Lower ice density as compared to water. – When talking about the ice, hydrogen bonding leads to the cage-like structure. However, every water molecule is closely linked to the four water molecules. Since the molecules are in their liquid state, they are not packed closely. As the ice starts to melt, the case-like structure also begins to melt, and all the molecules come closer to one another. As a result, even if the water mass is the same, the density increases and volume decreases.
Conditions for the Hydrogen Bonding
When in a molecule, all hydrogen atoms are connected closely to all electronegative atoms. Therefore, the end of the molecule becomes negative, however, the other end remains positive. Because of this, both of the eds started to attract on another leading to an easy formation of a weak bond which is called the hydrogen bond.
Conclusion
Hydrogen bonding is referred to the process of forming hydrogen bonds that are a great intermolecular force’s special class which takes place as a result of the interaction between the highly electronegative atom and hydrogen atom.
Experts classified hydrogen bonds as a type of weak chemical bond. Some of the common examples of hydrogen bonding are Hydrogen bonding in the hydrogen fluoride, Hydrogen bonding in the water, Hydrogen bonding in the ammonia, Hydrogen bonding in the polymer, and so on, which we discussed in detail. It is further classified into two major parts, including Intermolecular and Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding. In the latter part, we also discussed the properties and conditions of hydrogen bonding.
