Actinide Contraction

Actinides are the group of elements that are the rarest and most radioactive elements in the periodic table. The atomic number lies from 90 to 103, followed by the Actinium. You will find that the elements are prepared artificially. Actinide contraction is the decrease or increase in its atomic number. You can take this article as an understanding of actinide contraction in detail. Before that, there is some basic information about actinides, to begin with.

Actinides Meaning

• The first element of the actinide series is Actinium, and that’s why this series is named after this element. 
• The range of the elements is from 89 to 103, and the symbol used to denote Actinium is An. 
• The elements of this series are radioactive. The reason behind them being radioactive is that they emit lots of energy during radioactive decay. 
• This series’s most abundant radioactive element is Uranium and Thorium, present naturally. 
• The most abundant artificially-occurring radioactive element is Plutonium. 

Configuration of Actinides

• You will find this series at the bottom of the periodic table. 
• The General configuration of the actinide series is [Rn] 5f1-14 6d0-1 7s2. 
• The Rn represents Radium, which has the nearest noble gas configuration. 

Uses of Actinides

Below-mentioned is some of the uses of this element: 

• The actinide elements are primarily used in the nuclear reactors of nuclear power plants. 
• In the modern-day smoke detectors, Americium plays a significant role. It’s used in the ionisation chambers of smoke detectors. 
• They are heavily used for defence purposes. While making the equipment for defence, actinides are of great use. 
• The actinides elements also find their use in various bomb preparations. 

Properties of Actinides

Below-mentioned is some of the properties of actinides: 

• In addition, some actinide series elements’ densities, like thorium and Americium, exhibit very high density. 
• The melting and boiling points of the actinide series do not follow any trend. Just like Lanthanides, actinides have high melting and boiling points. 
• The actinides exhibit paramagnetic behaviour due to the presence of unpaired electrons. In addition, the elements of this group show a shielding effect due to the 5f electrons. This is why the magnetic movement of the elements of actinide is less as compared to the calculated value.

Actinide Contraction

• In tri positive actinide ions, the size of the atom decreases rapidly from Th to Lw. 
• The reason behind this decrease in the size is due to the increase in the nuclear charge and the number of electrons entering the (n-2)f orbital. 
• This increase in size is referred to as the actinide contraction. In addition, there’s more contraction along the period due to the poor shielding effect of 5f orbitals.

Coloured-Ions Formation

The production of colours in the actinide series elements is due to the f-f transition of electrons. This happens due to the absorbance of light by these electrons. The electrons in the actinide series are present in the f orbitals, and they also contain orbitals, which are empty like the d orbitals.

For instance, Actinide neptunium changes colours when its ions are in contact with hydrolysis. Similarly, plutonium—another actinide—reacts with halide ions; it changes colour and forms actinide halide compounds.

Ionisation of Actinides

The 4f electrons are shielded and are less effective than the 5f electrons. Due to this reason, lanthanides have higher ionisation enthalpy when compared to actinides.

Conclusion

This article starts by discussing actinides. You learn the importance of Actinides and their uses, and then the electronic configuration of the elements of actinides. You also learn the importance of these elements through the help of the use of these elements. This takes you to another topic: the properties of the actinide series. The elements of the actinide series exhibit various properties. This will take you to the most vital part of this article: the contraction of actinide and other related properties.