With this Charter Act, 1813, the Governor-General of Bengal was elevated to the position of Governor-General of India (with Lord William Bentick acting as India’s first Governor-General), with full civil and military authority.
Historical Background of Constitution
It was the British government’s first attempt to supervise and regulate the East India Company’s operations in India. It acknowledged the company’s political and administrative functions for the first time.
The 1773 Regulating Act laid the framework for India’s central government. The Governor-General had some jurisdiction over Bombay and Madras, but a nebulous clause led to many problems. It was also the cause of Bengal’s ‘dual government’ being abolished.
Provisions of the Act
This Act allowed the company to keep its geographical assets in India, but it also tried to regulate the company’s actions and operations
It did not totally take over authority; hence the term was “Regulating”
The legislation established the Governor-General in Council, which consisted of a Governor-General and four Councillors in the Presidency of Fort William (Calcutta)
The Governors in Councils in Madras and Bombay were brought under Bengal’s influence, particularly on foreign policy concerns
They could no longer wage war on Indian states without Bengal’s permission
The corporate directors were elected for a five-year term, with one-fourth of them retiring each year
They also couldn’t be re-elected
Before the British authorities, the company directors were ordered to make public all correspondence with Indian authorities on revenue, civil, and military concerns
Calcutta established a Supreme Court of Judicature, with Sir Elijah Impey as the first Chief Justice
Judges were expected to arrive from England
It only had civil and criminal authority over British subjects, not Indians
Amending Act, 1781
To rectify defects and issues in the 1773 Regulating act, the Amending Act of 1781 was passed by the British parliament. This was known as the Act of Settlement or the Declaratory Act, 1781.
Provisions of the Act
The main provision of this Act was to distinguish between the Supreme Court and the Governor-General in Council
It resolved the Supreme Court’s jurisdictional issue
As a result, the Supreme Court’s authority was limited to Calcutta and even administering the law of the defendant
If they performed something while doing their duties, government employees were exempt
Pitt’s India Act, 1784
The British government will have direct influence over Indian issues in the future. The company’s Indian lands were dubbed “British possessions.” The statute established a distinction between the company’s commercial and political activities.
Provisions of the Act
The Act gave the Court of Directors control over the company’s civil, military, and revenue functions
On the other hand, the civil, military, and revenue functions were given to a Board of Control, which consisted of the chancellor of the exchequer and four members of the Privy Council (appointed by the Crown)
In this way, it built a dual-government structure
In India, the Governor-General had a three-member council (including the commander-in-chief), and the presidencies of Bombay and Madras were to be subject to him
A broad ban on aggressive wars and treaties was enacted on the same day (often ignored)
Amending Act of 1786
Cornwallis demanded control over the Governor General’s Council and its members
Cornwallis was entitled to bypass the council’s decision if he held the liability
Later on, this section was expanded to cover all Governors-General
Charter Act of 1793
This Charter Act of 1793 extended the company’s trading privileges for another twenty years.
Provisions of the Act:
The corporation was required to pay the British government 5 lakh pounds annually after paying essential expenses, interest, dividends, salaries, and other charges from the Indian income
The Governor-General, governors, and commander-in-chief needed royal approval to be appointed
The company’s senior executives were forbidden from leaving India without permission
This was interpreted as a resignation sign
Individuals and corporate personnel were permitted to trade in India under the company’s licence
The ‘privilege’ or ‘country trade’ licences permitted opium to be exported to China
The revenue administration was separated from judicial functions, resulting in the abolition of the Maal Adalats, or revenue courts
Members of the Home Government were supposed to be paid out of Indian income, which they were until 1919
Significance of Charter Act, 1813
The company’s shareholders received a 10.5 per cent dividend on India’s revenue
The East India Company had to keep territorial possession and earnings for another 20 years without jeopardising the Crown’s authority
The constitutional position of British possessions in India was thus fully stated for the first time
The Board of Control’s authority was expanded further
A sum of one lakh rupees was to be made aside each year for the restoration, development, and encouragement of literature, study, and science among Indians
From the standpoint of the state’s responsibility for education, this was a crucial clause
The regulations of the Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta Councils must now be presented to the British Parliament
Therefore, the constitutional character of British possessions in India was established for the first time
Commercial transactions and territorial revenues were to be kept in separate accounts
The power of supervision and direction of the Board of Control was specified and considerably increased
Christian missionaries were also allowed to come to India and promote their religion
Features of Charter Act, 1833
Here’s the list of the features of the Charter Act 1833 –
The Governors of Bombay and Madras lost their legislative powers due to this measure
This completed EIC’s duty as a commercial entity, transforming it into a full-fledged administrative entity
It was the first time a law member (Macaulay) was appointed to the Governor General’s Council
All limitations on European immigration and property ownership in India have been lifted
As a result, the road was set for the conquest of India by the Europeans on a large scale
Provisions of Charter Act, 1853
The Governor General’s Council’s legislative and executive duties had been split
Added six additional members to the Indian (Central) Legislative Council, known as legislative Councillors
The lawmaker was appointed to the Governor-executive General’s council as a full-time member
It gave local representation in the Indian (Central) Legislative Council for the first time
An open competition for civil services was introduced
The Covenant Civil Service was thus also opened up to the Indians
Conclusion
By establishing British India’s constitutional status, the significance of the Charter Act of 1813 can be understood in terms of its function in affirming the Crown’s sovereignty over British India and so understanding the relevance of the Charter Act. It also broadens the range of options available to British merchants in private trading.