Maratha Empire- Introduction

The Maratha Empire (also spelled Mahratta) or the Maratha Confederacy was a Hindu state in modern-day India. It was active from 1674 to 1818. The empire’s territories covered 250 million acres (1 million km2), or one-third of South Asia, at its peak. The state was ruled by a series of Prime Ministers who were advised by an eight-member Council. As the British increased their presence in India, the Marathas posed a significant threat to their territorial ambitions.

The Maratha Empire

• The Marathas were the warrior group who spoke Marathi and belonged to the Western Deccan Plateau region, presently called Maharashtra. Origin of the Maratha Empire came into existence when they established Hindavi Swarajya (The self-rule of Hindu)
• The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy ruled a large section of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century
• After Shivaji was crowned, the empire was established officially in 1674. However, the rule ended in 1818 when BajiRao II lost its power to the British East India Company
• The Marathas came to power in the 17th century when Shivaji was leading a revolt against the Adil Shahi Dynasty and made Raigad his empire’s capital
• The father of Shivaji also had made history by conquering Thanjavur, which was later inherited by Shivaji’s stepbrother Venkoji Rao (aka Ekoji). The kingdom was famous as the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom
• There was much appreciation of the rise of Marathas for ending the rule of Mughal over the Indian Subcontinents

How did Marathas rise to power?

• What made the Mughal Empire decline was the Maratha Empire which was the most powerful force than others. It possessed the strength to make up for the political vacuum that the Mughal Empire created by disintegration
• For this purpose, the Maratha Empire also put its attention into including capable commanders and brilliant statesmen. However, one downside of Maratha Sardars was they lacked unity. Also, they were short on outlook and program, which was the base of founding an Indian Empire
• Important positions in the military and administrative positions of Ahmednagar and Bijapur contained the Marathas
• The Marathas did not hold any large, well-established state. But some of the powerful Marathas family exercised the power of local authority. The names of the families were the Ghatages, the Mores, the Nimbalkars, etc
• Shahji Bhonsle, the Maratha Emperor, worked along with his son, Shivaji, to strengthen the Maratha Kingdom. The emperor also ruled Ahmednagar as kingmaker and denied obeying the Mughals
• There was also a massive role of Shahji behind introducing a semi-independent principal in Bangalore. He was successful in doing so by taking advantage of unsettled matter while Mir Jumla, the noble leader of Golconda, was attempting to carve out principality on the Coromandel Coast. At the later stage, Shivaji also worked in eliminating large principality in Poona

Maratha Leaders and their journey:

Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (c. 1627-1680)

The Hindu Marathas, who lived in the Desh region around Satara, in the western portion of the Deccan plateau, where the plateau meets the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats mountains, had successfully resisted Muslim Mughal rulers of northern India’s incursions into the region.

Sambhaji (Sambhaji) (c. 1681-1689)

Shivaji was the father of two sons, Sambhaji and Rajaram. The elder son, Sambhaji, was well-liked by the courtiers. He was a poet as well as a competent politician and a great warrior. Sambhaji was crowned in 1681 and resumed his father’s expansionist policies. Sambhaji had previously defeated the Portuguese and Mysore’s Chikka Deva Raya.

Tarabai and Rajaram (c. 1689-1707)

Rajaram, Sambhaji’s brother, ascended to the throne. Satara, Rajaram’s capital, was besieged in 1700 and was eventually surrendered to the Mughals. Rajaram, who had sought refuge in Jinji nine years before, died around the same time. Tarabai, his widow, took control in the name of her son Shivaji.

Shahu (c. 1707-1749)

Following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the next Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah, released Shahuji, the son of Sambhaji (and grandson of Shivaji). He claimed the Maratha throne right away and challenged his aunt Tarabai and her son. . As a result, the Mughal-Maratha war became a three-front conflict. Satara and Kolhapur were established in 1707 as a result of a succession dispute over the Maratha throne. By 1710, two distinct principalities had established themselves as facts, which were later confirmed by the Treaty of Warna in 1731.

Bawdekar, Amatya Ramchandra Pant (1650-1716)

Pant Ramchandra Amatya Bawdekar was a court administrator who rose through the ranks from local record-keeper (Kulkarni) to become one of the eight members of Shivaji Maharaj’s Ashtapradhan (advisory council). He was a prominent Peshwa during Shivaji’s reign, before the rise of the later Peshwas who ruled the empire after Shahuji.

Peshwa Baji Rao (1720-1740)

After Balaji Vishwanath’s death in April 1719, Chattrapati Shahuji, one of the most lenient emperors, appointed his son, Baji Rao I, as Peshwa. Shahuji had a fantastic ability for recognising talent, and by putting capable people in positions of power regardless of social status, he inadvertently caused a social revolution. This was an indication of the Maratha empire’s high social mobility, which enabled its rapid expansion.

Baji Rao, Peshwa Balaji (1740-1761)

Shahu appointed Baji Rao’s son, Balaji Bajirao (Nanasaheb), as a Peshwa. The period between 1741 and 1745 in the Deccan was relatively calm. Shahuji passed away in 1749.

Conclusion 

The Peshwa sent an army to challenge the Afghan-led alliance of Indian Muslims, which included Rohillas, Shujah-ud-dowlah, and Nujeeb-ud-dowlah, and the Maratha army was decisively defeated at the Third Battle of Panipat on January 14, 1761. Suraj Mal and the Rajputs deserted the Maratha alliance at a critical juncture, resulting in the great battle. With their supply lines cut off, the Marathas attacked the Afghans in desperation, as their forces had not eaten in three days. The defeat at Panipat stifled Maratha expansion and splintered the empire. The Maratha confederacy never fought as a single unit again after the battle. Mahadji Shinde of Gwalior was in charge of Delhi/Agra, and Central India was in charge of Holkars from Indore and Western India was controlled by Gaikwad’s from Baroda.