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In 2008, the first detection of NDM-1 was seen in a Klebsiella pneumoniae, insulated from a Swedish patient of Indian origin. New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1 gene is one member of a large gene family that incorporates beta-lactamase enzymes called carbapenemases. The NDM-1 gene makes the bacteria resistant to the antibiotics of the Carbapenem family.
As the infections caused by the bacteria that produce Carbapenemases are difficult to treat, these are referred to as “superbugs.” They are only sensitive to tigecycline and polymyxins.
New Delhi in the name of the resistance gene NDM:
The name of New Delhi Metallo beta-lactamase-1, i.e., the NDM-1 gene was named after the Capital City of India, New Delhi. The reason behind the New Delhi in the name of the resistance gene NDM was first described by Yong et al in December 2009 to a Swedish man who contracted an antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection in India.
It was left untreated in a New Delhi hospital and then transferred to Sweden for further treatment. The infection was identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant carbapenem with the genetic novel blaNDM-1.
The authors conclude that the new method of resistance “appeared openly in India, but there are few details from India to suggest how widespread it is.”
Spread:
- NDM-1 β-lactamase was also found in one K.pneumoniae from Croatia, and the patient came from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- In March 2010, a study conducted at a hospital in Mumbai found that most carbapenem-resistant strains were isolated from patients with the blaNDM-1 gene.
- In July 2010, a team from New Delhi reported a group of three cases of Acinetobacter baumannii containing blaNDM-1 found in the intensive-care unit of a hospital in Chennai, India, in April 2010. Bacteria were completely resistant to all aminoglycoside, β-lactam, and antiretroviral drugs quinolone, but were more susceptible to tigecycline and colistin.
- On August 21, 2010, Ontario, Canada, held its first certified “superbug” trial in Brampton.
- On September 6, 2010, Japan received its first enzyme type NDM-1.
- On May 8, 2012, the presence of NDM was diagnosed in a patient who died at Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta. The patient was also diagnosed with Acinetobacter strain.
- Science Daily reported on December 16, 2013, that a team of scientists from universities in Rice, Nankai, and Tianjin discovered NDM-1 at two wastewater treatment plants in northern China.
- In September 2016, a 70-year-old woman in Reno, Nevada, died of septic shock following infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae producing NDM.
NDM-1 Antibiotic Resistance:
The gene NDM-1 allows the bacterium to produce an enzyme that inhibits the activity of various antibiotics. NDM-1 Antibiotic Resistance is mainly towards the Carbapenem family of antibiotics.
The New Delhi Metallo Lactamase is highly resistant to all types of antibiotics except one or two. NDM-1 Antibiotic Resistance is negligible towards the tigecycline and colistin.
Four methods can be used by NDM-1 to be antibiotic-resistant:
- Reducing drug use
- Targeted drug rehabilitation
- Dehydration
- Effective drug withdrawal.
NDM-1 Syndrome:
NDM-1 means New Delhi Metallo-beta lactamase-1. NDM-1 refers to a genetically engineered protein product. The bacterium that carries NDM-1 will be resistant to even the strongest antibiotics. Few current antibiotics can fight NDM-1 genes, making them extremely dangerous.
New Delhi metallo beta lactamase symptoms:
Depending on the location of the infection, New Delhi Metallo beta lactamase symptoms and signs can be recognized.
Major New Delhi Metallo beta-lactamase symptoms are
- Blood clots (sepsis)
- Pneumonia
- Wound infections.
Symptoms do not differentiate between NDM-1 bacteria, or that do not show up.
However, patients with NDM-1-producing bacteria will not respond to many common antibiotics and are at greater risk for complications or death.
- Most people will have a fever and fatigue and will sometimes be confused.
- When the NDH-1 gene enters the bloodstream, patients may be shocked.
Treatment for infection caused by NDM-1:
- Many NDM-1 infections will respond to treatment. Colistin is an old antibiotic that has not been used extensively in recent decades due to its toxicity.
- A few forms of NDM-1 have been sensitive to tigecycline, but this agent is not the first choice for serious infections, as it does not achieve high levels of blood.
- In addition, it only prevents germs from replicating, rather than destroying them. A few NDM-1 were at risk of aztreonam, although many U.S. species.
- Ceftazidime-avibactam combined with aztreonam promises treatment for Enterobacteriales-induced NDM-1 and currently contains the largest clinical data available to support its use.
Conclusion:
New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase is a gene or substance that destroys the most common types of antibiotics. NDM-1 is carried by viruses that usually live in the gut. NDM-1 spreads from person to person through contact with dirty hands or objects. Bacteria that produce NDM-1 usually have other resistance factors, such as carbapenemases. Therefore, many forms of NDM-1 are resistant to all widely used antibiotics.
