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Endogenic Factors — A more in-depth look at the internal forces
The movements caused by endogenic forces can be broken down into two categories: sluggish motions (diastrophic) and abrupt movements. Changes brought on by slow movements occur so gradually that they might not even be observable within the lifetime of a human.
Slow Movements (Diastrophic forces)
The term “diastrophic forces” refers to the forces that are produced as the solid material that makes up the earth’s crust moves. The term “diastrophism” refers to all of the processes that are responsible for the movement, elevation, or construction of sections of the earth’s crust. Included in the category of diastrophism are the following:
 1. Orogenic processes, which include the formation of mountains via extreme folding and influence long and narrow strips of the earth’s crust.
2. Epeirogenic processes that result in the lifting or warping of significant portions of the earth’s crust.
3. Earthquakes that include relatively slight motions only in the immediate area.
4. The theory of plate tectonics, which describes the movement of crustal plates in a horizontal plane.
Once again, we can divide slow movements into vertical and horizontal categories based on their orientation.
Vertical Movements (Epeirogenic movements):
1. The creation of continents and plateaus is mostly related with vertical movements. Motions of this kind are often known as epeirogenic movements.
2. The large centre regions of continents are referred to as cratons, and they are affected by epeirogeny.
3. They have no effect whatsoever on the rock strata that run horizontally.
4. They are responsible for the elevation of the continent, but they can also be responsible for its subsidence.
5. These motions are believed to have their origins in the core of the earth.
Horizontal Movements (Orogenic Movements):
1. These movements are caused by forces acting in a horizontal plane on the crust of the earth from side to side.
2. These shifts are sometimes sometimes referred to as orogenic motions (mountain building).
3. They cause a great deal of disturbances to the layer of strata that is horizontal, which ultimately results in a significant structural deformation of the earth’s crust.
4. These forces can be broken down into two categories: compression forces and tension forces.
Forces of Compression:
1. Forces of compression are the forces that push rock strata against a hard plane from either one side or both sides. Forces of compression can act in unison or independently.
2. The rock layers were bent as a result of the compressional forces, which ultimately resulted in the construction of the Fold Mountains.
3. This process is responsible for the formation of the majority of the world’s major mountain ranges, including the Himalayas, the Rockies (North America), the Andes (South America), the Alps (Europe), and many more.
Forces of Tension:
1. Forces of tension are exerted in a horizontal direction, but in opposite directions from one another.
2. The rock strata are shattered or fractured as a result of the operation of severe tensional pressures, which leads to the production of cracks and fractures in the crust.
3. The term “faulting” refers to the movement of rock away from its initial position along a crack. This movement can be either uphill or downhill.
4. A fault line is the line along which the displacement of the fractured rock strata takes place and is given this name.
5. The activity of faulting is responsible for the development of well-known features of the topography, such as rift valleys and block mountains. Examples of such mountains include the Vindhya and the Satpura.
6. The sinking of rock strata that are located between two practically parallel faults results in the formation of a rift valley. (For example, the valley of the Nile, the Rift valleys of the Narmada and Tapti rivers)
7. Graben are rift valleys that have steep parallel walls along the fault, whereas horsts are elevated landmasses that have high slopes on both sides. 7. Rift valleys with steep parallel walls along the fault are termed graben.
8. An escarpment is the name given to the extremely steep slope that runs in a straight line along a fault.
Conclusion
Endogenic Factors — A more in-depth look at the internal forces
The movements caused by endogenic forces can be broken down into two categories: sluggish motions (diastrophic) and abrupt movements. Changes brought on by slow movements occur so gradually that they might not even be observable within the lifetime of a human.
Running water, groundwater, glaciers, waves, and winds shape landforms. These agents cause soil erosion and landform deposition. Erosion and deposition change Earth’s surface.
