Comparative Slaughter Methods

The comparative slaughter method may be used to determine an animal’s whole-body heat output and its energy needs for maintenance and growth. The comparative slaughter approach is a technique for estimating changes in animal body composition throughout an experiment. The method has its basis on the assumption that the body composition of the experimental group (EG) at the start of an investigation can be accurately and precisely predicted from the carcass compositions of comparable animals slaughtered from the same population. However, apart from identical twins, no two animals are exactly alike; hence the comparative slaughter approach must need the slaughter of relatively large groups of animals if the error associated with the retention estimate is to be kept as little as possible.

Energy Metabolism

The animal’s energy intake is through feed, while energy losses are through many sources such as heat, excrement, urine, and other gaseous losses. Therefore, understanding energy metabolism allows nutritionists to develop rations based on the animal’s energy needs and appropriately evaluate different feedstuffs.

Energy flow in animals

There are multiple parameters to assess the energy flow in an animal. 

Energy in the animal body flows in the following way:

• Gross energy
• Digestible energy
• Metabolisable energy
• Net energy

Gross energy is the entire amount of energy consumed through diet. After removing faecal energy, the remaining energy is digestible energy. Metabolisable energy is the energy that remains after urine loss and gaseous losses from the gastrointestinal system. 

Net Energy is the remaining usable energy accessible to the animal after all losses, and it may be utilised for both animal upkeep and production.

Measuring net energy

Heat Increment must be measured to estimate Net Energy, a complex process. In addition, measuring Heat Increment necessitates using a whole animal calorimeter (respiration chambers). 

This equipment is both costly and scarce. As a result, Net Energy values are restricted, particularly for big animals. As measured by direct or indirect calorimetry, total heat production is frequently used in the computation of Net Energy. Net Energy may also be calculated by assessing the energy retention of the animal using the comparative slaughter method.

Calorimetry vs. Comparative Slaughter method

• Direct calorimetry directly measures heat generation. Indirect calorimetry studies gas exchange related to heat production from organic compound oxidation.
• Total Heat Production may be measured indirectly by measuring the energy retained via the comparative slaughter approach.
• The comparative slaughter technique is better than calorimetry but requires a more extended period and higher cost expenditure.

About Comparative Slaughter Method

• The comparative slaughter approach was established in the 1960s 
• It is used to calculate the net protein (NP) required for growth. 
• In feeding experiments, energy retention may be determined by assessing the animal’s energy content at the start and conclusion of the experiment. 
• These energy contents are then compared. 
• Animals from the same population with the same sex, genotype, and body weight have extremely comparable body compositions. 
• Bomb calorimetry is then used to determine the energy content of the slaughtered animals.
• This method does not require any complicated equipment.
• It is costly and time-consuming when used on larger animal species.

Methodology of Comparative Slaughter Method

The Comparative Slaughter Method is used in this test to conduct live animal feeding studies by administering a standard meal of known energy over a two-week adaptation period. 

• A group of animals is slaughtered after the adaptation period, and their body composition and gross energy are assessed to get baseline data. 
• The remaining animals are given the same feed for a set amount of time before being slaughtered, and their body composition is calculated. 
• The difference in body energy content between the initial baseline animals and the animals after the experiment is used to calculate energy retention. 
• The information obtained resembles actual animal feeding experiments under standard settings.

Advantages of the Comparative Slaughter Method

• The slaughter technique has been most helpful in examining the nutrition of beef cattle, sheep, and pigs. 
• Slaughter diets may contain market value metrics like dressing percentages and carcass quality, often employed in meat production trials. 
• To investigate the impact of a specific ratio on the quality of a product and its selling price.

Limitations of the Slaughter Technique

• It necessitates a large number of animals.
• A high degree of error is associated with a smaller sample size.
• It is very time-consuming.
• The related costs to the experiment are very high.
• Using large animals is a costly procedure with great technical difficulties due to sampling issues.
• Difficulties are encountered in selecting representative tissue samples and their processing for analysis.
• A substantial number of animals must be studied for each observation time to limit the large individual variability in composition.

Conclusion

The comparative slaughter method is a widely used approach for the estimation of the net energy consumption in ruminant animals. The energy requirement is calculated in two different feeding groups. The analysis of both the groups is then compared. The comparative slaughter method (CST) provides a direct retention measure, restricted only by analytical precision and the fundamental assumption that the two groups of animals have the same energy content at the start. This latter assumption does not result in systematic mistakes with sufficient animal numbers and randomisation.