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Carbohydrates, along with proteins and lipids, are one of the major classes of biomolecules.
Carbohydrates are pervasive in one form or another, forming the structural backbone of most life forms on Earth, from a single grain of rice to the thick woody barks of trees.
A chemical that is so important to human survival has been and continues to be examined extensively.
The necessity for Carbohydrate Tests evolved as a result of this process, and chemical Carbohydrate Tests were developed as a result.
The Carbohydrate Identification Test uses the chemical structure of sugars to determine whether they are present or absent in the Test solution.
Theory
The words carbon and hydrogen combine to form the word carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are made up of the elements carbon and hydrogen, as well as oxygen.
Carbohydrates are the most frequent chemical molecules utilised for nourishment in nature.
The tests to detect the presence of carbohydrates are as follows:
- Molisch’s experiment
- The test of Fehling
- Benedict’s examination
- The test of Tollen
- Test for iodine
The Molisch Test:
Molisch’s test is a carbohydrate screening test. Almost every carbohydrate will give you this test.
Concentrated sulfuric acid transforms the supplied carbohydrate into furfural or its derivatives, which react with -naphthol to produce a purple-colored result in this test.
The following is a chemical reaction:
Fehling test
Reducing sugars is used to do this test. Fehling’s solution is added to the aqueous carbohydrate solution and heated in a water bath.
The presence of reducing sugars is confirmed by the formation of red precipitate.
The copper ions in Fehling’s solution in the +3 oxidation state are reduced to the +2 oxidation state and precipitated as red cuprous oxide in an alkaline media.
The following is a chemical reaction:
Benedict test
Reducing sugars is used to do this test. Sodium carbonate transforms glucose to enediol in an alkaline media, and this enediol reduces cupric to cuprous, generating cuprous hydroxide.
This solution is stored in sodium citrate, and when it boils, a red cuprous oxide precipitate forms.
The following is a chemical reaction:
Tollen test
Reducing sugars is used to do this test. Carbohydrates react with Tollens reagent, forming a silver mirror on the test tube’s inner walls.
This indicates that reducing sugars are present. Metallic silver is formed when silver ions are reduced.
The following is a chemical reaction;
Iodine test
Only starch can do this test. When starch combines with iodine solution, it produces a complex blue colour.
When heated, the blue colour fades away, but when cooled, it reappears.
The following is a chemical reaction:
Material Required
- Molisch’s reagent
- Fehling’s reagent
- Benedict’s reagent
- Tollen’s reagent
- Iodine solution
- Concentrated sulfuric acid
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Test tubes
- Test tube holder
- Test tube stand
- Bunsen burner
- Water bath
- Dropper
- Stirrer
Preparation for reagents
- Molisch’s reagent is made by dissolving -naphthol in a 10% alcoholic solution.
- Fehling’s reagent is a 1mL mixture of Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B.
- The solution proposed by Fehling A – In distilled water, dissolve copper sulphate and add a few drops of sulfuric acid.
- Fehling’s solution B – In 150mL distilled water, dissolve sodium potassium tartrate and sodium hydroxide.
- Benedict’s reagent: 0.25g anhydrous sodium carbonate in distilled water is added to a sodium citrate solution, and copper sulphate solution is added to it. Add distilled water to get the total volume to 125ml.
- Tollen’s reagent – To the silver nitrate solution, add a solution of sodium hydroxide. Then, drop by drop, add the ammonium hydroxide solution until the precipitate dissolves. Tollens reagent is the name for the clear solution.
Molisch’s test
- Fill a clean test tube with 2ml of the provided sample solution.
- Slowly add 2-3 drops of Molisch reagent.
- Along the walls of the test tube, pour strong sulfuric acid.
- At the bottom, the acid layer forms a layer.
- Take note of the intersection of the two layers.
- The presence of carbohydrate is proven if the violet ring forms.
Fehling test
- Fill a clean test tube with 2ml of the provided sample solution.
- 2 mL Fehling’s solution A, 2 ml Fehling’s solution B, 2 ml Fehling’s solution C
- For around 10 minutes, place the solution in a boiling water bath.
- The presence of carbohydrate is established if there is the production of red precipitate.
Benedict test
- In a clean test tube, place the specified sample solution to be tested.
- To that, add 5 mL of Benedict’s reagent.
- 2 minutes after bringing the solution to a boil
- Allow the solution to cool before inspecting it.
- The presence of reducing sugars is indicated by the production of green, red, or yellow precipitate.
Tollen test
- Fill a clean test tube halfway with the sample solution.
- Toss in 2-3 mL of tollens reagent.
- For 10 minutes, place the test tube in a boiling water bath.
- The presence of lowering sugars is confirmed by the appearance of a bright silver mirror.
Conclusion
Carbohydrates are pervasive in one form or another, forming the structural backbone of most life forms on Earth, from a single grain of rice to the thick woody barks of trees. Carbohydrates are the most common and diversified chemical compound class found in nature. It was crucial in the emergence and evolution of life on Earth because it established a direct link between the sun and chemical energy. A chemical that is so important to human survival has been and continues to be examined extensively. The necessity for Carbohydrate Tests evolved as a result of this process, and chemical Carbohydrate Tests were developed as a result.
