All about Fundamentals of Organic Reactions

Organic reactions are chemical reactions in which organic substances are involved. Several of these reactions are linked to functional groups. A detailed, step-by-step explanation of how an organic compound reaction occurs is known as an organic reaction mechanism.

Basic Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanisms

The term “reaction mechanism” refers to a comprehensive explanation of how a reaction takes place.

A mechanism explains how bindings are broken and in what sequence during each phase of a chemical reaction, as well as which binds form and in what order.

It explains how electrons travel during chemical processes in great detail.

All reactants and products must be accounted for in a reaction mechanism.

The Basic Principles of Organic Reaction Mechanisms

The Breaking of a Covalent Bond Fission can occur in two ways in a covalent bond:

• Homolytic Fission: Homolytic fission, also known as homolysis, is the process in which each of the atoms gets one of the bonding electrons.
• Heterolytic Fission: Also known as Heterolysis, Heterolytic Fission is the process in which one of the atoms obtains both of the bonding electrons when the bond is broken.

Mechanism of Organic Reaction: Inductive Effect

There are some of the most commonly seen electron displacement effects in substrate molecules: it is a permanent effect that occurs when an electron withdraws or an electron-donating group is added to a chain of singly bonded carbon atoms.

The inductive effect, also known as the I effect, is the displacement of sigma-electrons along a saturated carbon chain due to the presence of an electron-withdrawing group or an electron repelling group at one end of the chain, resulting in the development of partial positive or partial negative charges in decreasing order of magnitude.

Mechanism of Organic Reaction: Electromeric Effect

In the presence of an attacking reagent, the electrometric effect or E effect refers to the complete transfer of the shared pair of pie electrons of multiple bonds to one of the shared atoms.

The Effect of Resonance (Mesomeric Effect)

Resonance describes the phenomenon in which a molecule is represented by many electronic entities with similar energy contents that are created by pie electron oscillations. The molecule is considered to be a resonance hybrid of these canonical forms, and these structures are known as canonical forms.

The mesomeric effect is a permanent phenomenon that involves the transfer of electrons through the electrons of many bonds in a chain of carbon atoms in a molecule. The mesomeric effect is a lasting effect that occurs in the following two situations:

• When an electron pumping or withdrawing group is conjugated to a pie bond.
• When a pi bond is in conjugation with an atom or group that has at least one lone pair of electrons.

Group of Functions

The chemical properties of an organic compound are determined by the functional groups, which are atoms or groups of atoms that are further connected in a certain manner. The hydroxyl group (—OH), carboxylic acid group (—COOH), and aldehyde group (—CHO) are a few examples.

Homologous Series 

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds with identical chemical characteristics, the same functional group, and successive members in the molecular formula that differ by —CH2 units. Members of a homologous series can be represented using the same general molecular formula.

Organic Compounds Nomenclature

Before the IUPAC system of naming, organic compounds were called for their origins. For example, urea gets its name from the fact that it’s made from the urine of mammals. Because it was derived from red ants called Formica, formic acid was given that name.

Conclusion:

When it comes to organic relationships, there are some similar patterns. One atom or a group of atoms from one substance is replaced by another atom or a group of atoms from another substance in a substitution reaction. Bulky groups that prohibit attacks obstruct the reaction in a sterile manner. When nearby atoms are eliminated in an elimination reaction, a multiple bond and a tiny molecule are formed. The elimination reaction is the polar opposite of the known addition reaction. Initiation, propagation, and termination are the three processes of radical reactions that are not very selective. The amount of oxygen atoms in the hydrocarbon skeleton, as well as the number of carbon–oxygen or carbon–nitrogen bonds, are used to identify oxidation–reduction reactions in organic chemistry.