The Hydrologic Cycle is the constant transfer of water from the surface to clouds and from clouds to the surface. The sun, air, and a variety of other variables all play a role in the water cycle, which sees water traverse through all three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. The water cycle is a cycle in which water evaporates from the surface into the atmosphere, cools and condenses in clouds as rain, and then falls back to the surface as precipitation.

Water that falls on the water’s surface after precipitation collects in the form of groundwater, rivers, ponds, lakes, and other bodies of water, which then combine in oceans and evaporate. Because salt is heavy to rise due to its high density, water vapours from the seas or sea do not contain salt, implying that the water from the oceans or sea is not salty.

Effects on Climate

The sun plays a vital part in most of the processes of the water cycle process, as solar energy drives the water cycle. The effects of evaporation may have caused an increase in air temperature, making the surface warmer, while the temperature is lowered as a result of evaporation cooling, making the atmosphere cool. This evaporation cooling is accomplished via the evaporation process through seas, which accounts for 86 percent of world evaporation. 

As a result, we can conclude that adding or withdrawing heat causes the water cycle to operate continually. The water cycle includes energy exchange and influences the earth’s climate, as evaporation absorbs energy and cools the environment, and condensation releases energy and cools the environment, keeping the climate and temperature steady. The troposphere is home to most of the water vapours generated in the atmosphere.

Steps of the Water Cycle

Water is available in relatively limited quantities all across the world. The water cycle has been transporting this amount of water around the earth for ages.

The water cycle consists mostly of four steps:

• Evaporation
• Condensation
• Precipitation
• Runoff and infiltration

1. Evaporation

Evaporation is a crucial process because it involves the transport of water from the earth’s surface to the atmosphere in the form of water vapours. Water normally evaporates when it reaches its boiling point, which is 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Evaporation is also known as “transpiration,” because it refers to the movement of water from the minute pores present on the plant’s leaves to the atmosphere in the form of water vapours. As solar energy falls on the earth’s surface, warming it and causing the vapours of water existing in the ocean to migrate towards the atmosphere due to rising temperatures, the evaporation cooling process cools the atmospheric temperature. Similarly, vapours rising in the sky from plants, trees, wells, underground water, and other sources cool the earth’s surface. This process of directly transforming a solid into a gaseous state is known as “sublimation.” Vapours can also be created through snow or ice without ever converting it into water. Strong sunlight, low air pressure, strong wind, low temperature, and low humidity are all necessary for sublimation.

2. Condensation

After the process of converting water into vapours that rise into the sky, the vapours are converted back into liquid form due to an increase in temperature as they come into contact with cool air, cooling the atmosphere. This process of converting vapours back into liquid form is known as condensation. When the air is full of water vapours and ready to be converted back into water droplets, the condensation process begins. When the temperature drops below 0°F, the water vapours turn into liquid and unite to form a tiny droplet of water, which then merges to make a larger droplet of water.

When a droplet is large enough to cross the updraft of a cloud created by water vapours, the droplets of water tend to flow out of the cloud and fall to the earth’s surface due to gravity. This process of water droplets falling to the earth’s surface is known as precipitation. If these fused droplets are exposed to high air pressure, they may crystallise or freeze, resulting in solid forms such as ice, snow, and other substances falling to the earth’s surface. If the conditions are between snow and rain, the droplets will fall with extreme cold, forming a half-frozen water droplet known as ‘sleet.’

3. Precipitation

After condensation, water vapours condense into water droplets, which float around the earth inside clouds. These clouds collide owing to wind movement, resulting in rain, and then fall back on the earth’s surface in the form of rain, hail, snow, or sleet, depending on the atmospheric temperature. This process of water droplets falling back on the earth’s surface is known as “precipitation.” When the air can no longer retain any more water droplets, precipitation happens.

The precipitation that falls in the form of water can fall in a variety of places for further evaporation, such as some may return to the atmosphere through evaporation, some may evaporate through the surface of leaves and plants, some may reach water bodies and flow directly to the oceans to evaporate, and some may penetrate the soil through infiltration to streams and groundwater. ‘Spring’ refers to the water found near volcanoes or other thermal energy sources.

4. Runoff and infiltration

Runoff occurs when water falls and settles in bodies of water such as lakes, oceans, wells, and land. If the drops fall into the snow or ice, the lakes and oceans melt and become water. This increases the flow of water in lakes and rivers, perhaps causing flooding. This is why, in general, floods occur more frequently in the spring and summer than in the winter.

The water cycle is a non-stop cyclic process with no beginning or conclusion. The fundamental benefit of this cycle is that no water is lost, and the water in the oceans and seas is always levelled, and there are clouds in the sky at all times.

Structure of Protoplasm and its Components

Structural, it comprises 3 parts

1) Plasma/cell membrane

2) Cytoplasm 

3) Nucleus

Features of Protoplasm

The protoplasm is the cell’s life material. Biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates make up the majority of it. It also contains inorganic salts and water molecules. The protoplasm is enclosed by the cell membrane.

Because prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other cytoplasmic organelles, protoplasm refers to the materials enclosed within the cell membrane, i.e. the prokaryotic cytoplasm.

In some prokaryotes, particularly Gram-negative bacteria, protoplasm extends to the periplasm region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane.

Periplasm, a gel-like substance seen in Gram-negative bacteria protoplasm, is found in this location.

In eukaryotes, the protoplasm is divided into two parts: cytoplasm and nucleoplasm (cell nucleus).

The jelly-like substance of the eukaryotic cell is called cytoplasm. The cytosol, vesicles, cytoskeleton, inclusions, and organelles are all present, with the exception of the nucleus.

The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is the space between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. Nucleoplasm is the substance that makes up the nuclear envelope. The nucleus protoplasm is essential nucleoplasm.

Functions of Protoplasm

• Reproduction
• Irritability
• Chemical
• Structure and Support
• Excretion
• Transport
• Metabolism
• Conductivity and Contraction
• Growth

Conclusion

The water cycle shows the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere. It is a complex system that includes many different processes. Liquid water evaporates into water vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and snow.

The protoplasm is the living material of the cell. It is primarily composed of biomolecules like nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It also holds inorganic salts and molecules of water. The protoplasm is surrounded by the membrane of the cells.