Syncarpous

Monocarpous refers to a gynoecium with only one carpel. Apocarpous gynoeciums have numerous separate (free, unfused) carpels. Syncarpous gynoeciums have numerous carpels “fused” into a single structure. A syncarpous gynoecium might resemble a monocarpous gynoecium in appearance.

The degree of connation (“fusion”) in a syncarpous gynoecium varies. The carpels may only be “fused” at their bases, but they still have distinct styles and stigmas. With the exception of the stigmas, the carpels can be completely “fused.”  The “fused” ovaries of the component carpels may be collectively termed as a single compound ovary in a syncarpous gynoecium. Determining how many carpels fused to generate a syncarpous gynoecium might be difficult.

Gynoecium

Gynoecium is a terminology that refers to all of the components of a flower which generate ovules and eventually mature into fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the flower’s innermost whorl; it is made up of (one or more) pistils and is usually surrounded by the pollen-producing reproductive organs, the stamens, which are referred to as the androecium. Instead of immediately creating female gametes (i.e. egg cells), the gynoecium produces megaspores, each of which develops into a female gametophyte, that subsequently generates egg cells. Botanists use the term gynoecium to describe to a cluster of archegonia on a gametophyte shoot in mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, as well as any related modified leaves or stems. The male portions of those plants are referred to as clusters of antheridia within the androecium. Pistillate or carpellate flowers are those that have a gynoecium but no stamens. Staminate flowers are those that lack a gynoecium. Since it produces female (egg-producing) gametophytes, the gynoecium is sometimes characterized to as female; although, sporophytes do not have a sex, only gametophytes do.  The development and arrangement of gynoeciums is crucial in systematic study and angiosperm identification, yet it can be the most difficult of the floral elements to decipher. 

Plants, unlike most mammals, produce new organs such as roots, leaves, and flowers following embryogenesis. In flowering plants, the gynoecium appears as a carpel or a group of fused carpels in the central area of the flower. Following fertilisation, the gynoecium matures into a fruit which protects and nourishes the developing seeds, as well as assisting in their distribution. There are various specialised tissues in the gynoecium. The gynoecium’s tissues develop along three principal axes as a result of genetic and hormonal interactions.

Pistils

The gynoecium, or innermost whorl, is made up of one or more distinct pistils. A pistil is made up of three parts: a base called the ovary, an extended slender pillar named the stigma, and an apical pollen collecting structure designated the stigma.

The ovary

Megasporangia is the enlarged area at the bottom of the uterus that contains placental tissue and one or more ovule-bearing ridges.

The Style

During fertilisation, the pollen tube expands into a long, slender pillar-like structure. The style is missing or unclear in some blooms, and the apical stigma is immediately on the ovary.

The Stigma

It is the pistil’s most apical structure. It’s usually feathery or leafy. It is the portion of the pistil that receives pollen.

Carpels

A flower’s pistils are thought to be made up of one or more carpels.   A carpel is a modified leaf which bears structures called ovules, inside which egg cells eventually form, and is usually composed of the style and stigma (sometimes having its own ovary, and sometimes connecting to a shared basal ovary). It is generally understood as modified leaves that bear structures considered ovules, within which egg cells eventually form. A pistil can be made up of just one carpel (with its ovary, style, and stigma) or numerous carpels linked together to form a single ovary, which is referred to as a pistil. One or more uni-carpellate pistils or one multi-carpellate pistil may be present in the gynoecium. (Terms like tricarpellate refer to the number of carpels.). Carpels are assumed to have developed from ovule-bearing leaves or leaf homologues (megasporophylls) to form a closed structure housing the ovules. Along the margin, this structure is usually rolled and fused. Although many flowers follow the above description of a carpel, certain flowers do not have carpels because the ovule(s) are borne directly on the stalk apex, despite being contained.

Syncarpous Flower Examples

It only produces a single fruit with one or more seeds.

Tomato, mustard, coconut, mango, and other flowers, for example.

Syncarpous System Meaning

The pistil becomes syncarpous whenever the carpels are combined, as in the pear, arbutus, and chickweed.

Conclusion

The carpels make up the gynoecium. The carpels are spirally arranged in more basic families (e.g., Magnoliaceae), while they are placed in a single whorl in more advanced groups. The number of carpels varies from one (as in the bean or legume family [Fabaceae]) to numerous (as in the bean or legume family [Fabaceae]). The ovary originates at the base of a carpel and contains one or more multicellular structures referred ovules, each of which contains an egg. The pollen is received by the stigma, which is located at the top of the carpel. The ovary and stigma are frequently connected by a slender stalk known as the style. One or more carpels are assumed to make up the pistils of a flower. A carpel is a modified leaf that carries ovules, which are structures inside which egg cells eventually form, and is typically made up of the style and stigma (sometimes having its own ovary, and sometimes connecting to a shared basal ovary). One or more unique pistils make up the gynoecium, or innermost whorl.