Shoot Formation

 Root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds in orderly manner in plants. The sequence of growth is as follows-Plants complete their vegetative phase to move into the reproductive phase in which flower and fruits are formed for continuation of the life cycle of the plant. Development is the sum of two processes: growth and differentiation. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors control the process of growth and development in plants.

Growth is a permanent or irreversible increase in dry weight, size, mass or volume of cell, organ or organism. It is internal or intrinsic in living beings.

In plants growth is accomplished by cell division, increase in cell number and cell enlargement. So, growth is a quantitative phenomenon which can be measured in relation to time.

Plant growth is generally indeterminate due to the capacity of unlimited growth throughout life. Meristem tissues are present at the certain locality of the plant body.

The plant growth in which new cells are always being added to the plant body due to meristem is called open form of growth.

Root apical meristem and shoot apical meristem are responsible for primary growth and elongation of plant bodies along the axis.

Intercalary meristem located at nodes produce buds and new branches in plants.

Secondary growth in plants is the function of lateral meristem that is vascular cambium and cork cambium.

Growth is Measurable

At cellular level, growth is the increase in the amount of protoplasm. It is difficult to measure the increase in protoplasm but increase in cell, cell number and cell size can be measured.

The parameter used to measure growth is increase in fresh weight, dry weight, length, area, and volume and cell number. All parameters are not used for every kind of growth.

Formative phase is also called the phase of cell formation or cell division. It occurs at root apex, shoot apex and other regions having meristematic tissue. The rate of respiration is very high in the cells undergoing mitosis division in the formative phase.

Phase of Enlargement- newly formed cells produced in formative phase undergo enlargement. Enlarging cells also develop vacuoles that further increase the volume of the cell.

Cell enlargement occurs in all directions with maximum elongation in conducting tissues and fibres.

Phase of maturation- the enlarged cells develop into special or particular types of cells by undergoing structural and physiological differentiation.

Growth Rate- increase in growth per unit time is called growth rate. Growth rate may be arithmetic or geometric.

Arithmetic Growth- the rate of growth is constant and increase in growth occurs in arithmetic progression- 2,4,6,8 ……. It is found in root and shoot elongation.

Lt = L0 + rt

Length after time = length at beginning + growth rate x time.

Geometric Growth- here initial growth is slow and increases rapidly thereafter. Every cell divides. The daughter cells grow and divide and the granddaughter cells that result in exponential growth.

Geometrical growth is common in unicellular organisms when growing in nutrient rich medium.

Sigmoid growth curve consists of fast dividing exponential phase and stationary phase. It is typical of most living organisms in their natural environment.

Exponential growth can be represented as follows-

W1 =W0ert. W1 = final size, W0 = initial size, r = growth rate, t = time of growth and e is the base of natural logarithms (2.71828).

Quantitative comparison between the growth of living system can be made by

Measurement and comparison of total growth per unit time is called the absolute rate.

The growth of a given system per unit time expressed on a common basis is called relative growth rate.

Condition for Growth

Necessary conditions for growth include water, oxygen and essential elements. Water is required for cell enlargement and maintaining turgidity. Water also provides a medium for enzymatic conditions.

Protoplasm formation requires water and micro and macronutrients and acts as a source of energy.

Optimal temperature and other environmental conditions are also essential for growth of the plant.

Cells produced by apical meristem become specialised to perform specific functions. This act of maturation is called differentiation.

The living differentiated cells that have lost the ability of division can regain the capacity of division. This phenomenon is called dedifferentiation. For example interfascicular cambium and cork cambium.Dedifferentiated cells mature and lose the capacity of cell division again to perform specific functions. This process is called redifferentiation.

Development

It is the sequence of events that occur in the life history of a cell, organ or organism which includes seed germination, growth, differentiation, maturation, flowering, seed formation and senescence.

Plant Growth Regulators are simple molecules of diverse chemical composition which may be indole compounds, adenine derivatives or derivatives of carotenoids.

Auxin was isolated by F.W. Went from tips of coleoptiles of oat seedlings.

The ‘bakanae disease’ of rice seedlings is caused by fungal pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi. E. Kurosawa found that this disease is caused due to the presence of Gibberellin.

Skoog and Miller identified and crystallised the cytokinesis, promoting an active substance called kinetin.

Auxin- was first isolated from human urine. It is commonly indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). It is generally produced at stem and root apex and migrates to the site of action.

Functions-

• Cell enlargement
• Apical dominance
• Cell division
• Inhibition of abscission
• Induce Parthenocarpy

Gibberellins- They are promotery PGR found in more than 100 forms. The most common one is  (Gibberellic Acid).

Functions-

• Cell elongation
• Breaking of dormancy
• Early maturity
• Seed germination

Cytokinins- the plant growth hormone is basic in nature. Most common forms include kinetin, zeatin, etc. They are mainly synthesised in roots.

Functions-

• Cell division and cell differentiation
• Essential for tissue culture
• Overcome apical dominance
• Promote nutrient mobilisation

Ethylene – it is a gaseous hormone which stimulates transverse or isodiametric growth but retards the longitudinal one.

Functions–

• Inhibition of longitudinal growth
• Fruit ripening
• Senescence
• Promote apical dominance

Abscisic Acid – it is also called stress hormone or dormin. It acts as a general plant growth inhibitor. Abscisic acid is produced in the roots of the plant and terminal buds at the top of the plant.

Function-

• Bud dormancy
• Leaf senescence

Photoperiodism- the effect of photoperiods or day duration of light hours on the growth and development of plants, especially flowering is called Photoperiodism. On the basis of photoperiodic response, flowering plants have been divided into the following categories-

• Short Day Plants– they flower when photoperiod is below a critical period (continuous duration of light which must not be exceeded in short day plants and should always be exceeded in long day plants in order to bring them flower). Example- Xanthium, Rice, Sugarcane, Potato etc.
• Long Day Plants– these plants flower when they receive a long photoperiod of light, greater than critical period. Example- Radish, Barley, Lettuce
• Day Neutral Plants – the plant can blossom throughout the year. Example- Bean, Wild Kidney

Vernalisation– is the process of shortening of the juvenile or vegetative phase and hastening of flowering by cold treatment. The stimulus of Vernalisation is perceived by meristematic cells. Vernalisation helps in shortening of vegetative period of the plant and brings about early flowering. It is applicable to temperate plants like Wheat, Rice, Millets, etc.

Conclusion

Thus we conclude that It is a quantitative parameter and refers to an irreversible increase in size or weight of a cell, tissue or organ. Plants are capable of growing throughout their life due to meristematic tissues present in certain parts.