Morphology and Modifications

The ecosystem is incomplete without plants. All life on earth depends on plants, directly or indirectly. The leaf is the most important of all the parts of a plant.

Primarily, the leaves serve two main functions: transpiration and photosynthesis. Some plants also have the responsibility for reproduction.

Let’s discuss the morphology, parts, and modifications of leaves.

Structure of a Leaf

Photosynthesis is the process of plants utilising light via their leaves. It is located at the node and develops laterally. It is an essential part of the shoot systems and originates in the shoot apical meristems.

Parts of a leaf

In general, the main parts of a leaf’s structure are its leaf base, petiole, or lamina.

• Lamina: Also called leaf blade. It is the flat green surface of the leaves. It is made up of a small, branched vein and several veinlets. The midrib is the vein running along the middle part of the lamina. Midrib divides up the lamina into 2 parts. These veins give rigidity to the leaf blade, and assist in transporting water and other substances
• Leaf base: This section is where a leaf attaches itself to the stem. The leaf base is made up of two small leaf-like structures called stipules. This leaf base covers the stem in plants such as wheat, paddy, and other monocotyledons
• Petiole: The long, thin stalk that connects the stem to the leaf blade, is Petiole

Venation

The arrangement of veinlets and the veins in the leaves is called venation. Different plants have different types of venation. There are generally two types of venation.

• Parallel venation: The veinlets in a parallel venation run parallel to one another. Ex: In monocotyledons like paddy
• Reticulate Venation: The veinlets in a reticulate venation are randomly arranged and form an intricate network of veinlets. Ex: Dicotyledonous plants such as a rose

Different types of leaves

There are two main types of leaves: simple and compound. They are further divided into groups according to their size, shape, arrangement on the stem, non-flowering and flowering leaves and other physical attributes.

There are two types of leaves in a plant:

Simple Leaf

A simple leaf is one that has a single lamina connected to its main stem by a petiole. Simple leaves can be incised at any depth, but not below the petiole or midrib. Guava leaves, for example

Compound Leaf

A compound leaf is one that has two or more leaflets. A compound leaf has a midrib that branches into multiple leaflets. It is linked by one petiole. Pea, palm leaves, etc.

Further, the compound leaves can be subdivided into these types of leaves:

Palmately Compound Leaf

The leaflets of a palmately-compound leaf are attached at the petiole’s tip. Silk cotton, et al. They can be further divided into:

1. Unifoliate These types of leaves only have one leaflet. Citrus, for example.
2. Bifoliate These leaves have two leaflets. Balanites, et al
3. Trifoliate These leaves have three leaflets that emerge from the same point. Eg. Oxalis
4. Quadrifoliate These leaves have four leaflets that arise from the same point. Marsilea
5. Multifoliate This type of leaf is made up of many leaflets that all arise at the same point. Bombax.

Pinnately Compound Leaf

A pinnately complex leaf has a midrib that is divided into many leaflets. All are connected by a common angle. Eg., Neem. These can be further distinguished into:

1. Pinnate A pinnate leaf is a compound leaf with an axis on either side of the midrib.
2. Unipinnate The leaf with leaflets along each side of its axis. Cassia, for example.
3. Bipinnate Here is a secondary axis bearing a leaflet. It is created by the central axis. Eg., Acacia
4. Tripinnate Here is a tertiary-axis with leaflets that emerges from the secondary. Eg., Moringa
5. Decompound Leaf with three or more pinnates. Ex. Coriander leaves that are old
6. Paripinnate A leaf without a terminal leaflet. Cassia
7. Imparipinnate Leaf with an unusual terminal leaflet. Eg. Pea

Phyllotaxy

Phyllotaxy refers to the arrangement of leaves on a stem. There are three types of phyllotaxy in plants: alternate, opposite, and whorled.

• It is an alternate type of phyllotaxy when only one leaf develops at each node alternately. China rose

• It is called opposite phyllotaxy, where a pair or more leaves grow at the opposite node as each other. Guava plants

• It is when more than two leaves form at the nodes to form one whorl of leaf, called whorled phyllotaxy. E.g. Alstonia

Modification Of Leaves

We know that leaves are specially adapted to photosynthesis. They also play important roles in supporting, storing food and defense. They have been modified to fulfill each function.

Tendrils of peas, the spines of cacti and onion bulb are just a few examples of different modified leaves. Let’s take a closer look at some modifications to leaves.

Storage Leaves

The Crassulaceae and xerophytic plant families have thick, succulent leaves that retain water. These leaves’ parenchymatous cells have large vacuoles containing hydrophilic colloids. This modification allows the plant to resist dehydration.

Leaf Tendrils

Plants with weak stems can develop leaf tendrils. Tendrils are a form of thread-like structures that the leaves transform into. Tendrils are thread-like structures that climb up a nearby wall or stick and support the plant. Lathyrus Aphaca, transforms the entire leaf into tendrils. The tendrils are formed from the Pisum Sativum upper leaflets.

Leaf Spines

Some plants have spines, which are needle-like structures made from their leaves. The spines are defensive structures. They reduce transpiration and water loss. Opuntia’s leaves can be modified to become spines.

Scale Leaves

They are thin membranous structures that appear transparent and without stalks. They protect the axillary buds in their axil. Onion scale leaves are fleshy, thick and store food as well as water. Casuarina, Asparagus and Asparagus also have scale leaves.

Leaflet hooks

Some plants have their terminal leaflets modified to hook-like structures, which aid in climbing. Eg., Bignonia unguis cati.

Leaf Roots

One of the leaves at the nodes can be modified to become adventitious roots, which allows them to float above the water surface. Salvinia is an example of this.

Phyllode

Some plants have a flattened petiole, giving it the shape of a leaf, and turning green. This is called phyllode. For eg., Australian Acacia.

Insectivorous Leaves

Only a few plants require nitrogen for development. These plants have modified leaves that can catch and digest insects. Below are a few of the modifications:

• Leaf Pitcher- A few plants, such as Nepenthes and others, have the leaf-lamina modified to form a pitcher-like structure. The pitcher cavity releases a digestive fluid which allows the insect to be digested by the pitcher’s inner walls
• Leaf Bladder In such plants, the segments from the leaves are transformed into bladders. These plants can be found in water. The inner wall contains digestive glands that aid in digestion of the trapped insects. For eg., Utricularia
• In Drosera – The lamina has many hairs with a sticky globule near the tip that contains digestive enzymes. When an insect sits on the laminate, its hair completely covers it

Functions of Leaves

These are the functions of the leaves:

Photosynthesis

The primary function of leaves is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which leaves convert water, carbon dioxide and ultraviolet light into glucose.

Transpiration

The removal of water from plants into the air is called Perspiration. This is done by opening the stomata in the leaves.

Guttation

Guttation is the process of removing excess water from the xylem around the leaves’ edges when the stomata close.

Storage

Photosynthesis takes place in leaves. They store water and nutrients. Water storage is particularly easy for succulent, thick leaves.

Defence

To protect leaves from being eaten or damaged by animals, some are made into spines. For eg., Opuntia.

The Key Points

• The leaves are located at the nodes on the stem and contain the photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll
• The main components of a leaf are the leaf base, leaf lamina and leaf petiole
• There are two types of leaves: simple leaves and compound leaves
• Other types of leaves are acicular, linear and lanceolate as well as elliptical, oblique and centric cordate
• They are responsible for photosynthesis and the removal of water from the aerial areas of the plant
• These are modified by tendrils, spines, and hooks to help them adapt to different environments

Conclusion

Plant recognition and identification require an understanding of morphology. Morphology provides several critical criteria for classifying plants. It includes information on a species’ variety of variations. Morphology is needed to investigate numerous elements of plant life, such as genetics, ecology, and anatomy. Modifications are alterations or differences in the DNA of organisms of the same species caused by environmental variations. Although most changes are not heritable, epigenetic changes can be passed down in specific situations.