Coenzymes

A coenzyme is a chemical that works with an enzyme to help it start or complete its action. It can be thought of as a supporting molecule in a biological reaction. Coenzymes are non proteinaceous tiny molecules that serve as a transfer site for a working enzyme. They function as intermediate carriers for an atom or a group of atoms, allowing a reaction to take place. Coenzymes are not regarded to be a part of the structure of an enzyme. Cosubstrates is a term used to describe them.

Coenzymes are unable to operate without the presence of an enzyme. Several coenzymes and cofactors are required by some enzymes.

Types of Enzymes 

Coenzymes : Nonprotein chemical compounds that connect loosely to enzymes are known as coenzymes. Many are vitamins or are generated from vitamins (but not all). Adenosine monophosphate is found in many coenzymes (AMP). Coenzymes can be thought of as cosubstrates or as prosthetic groups.

CoFactors : True cofactors, unlike coenzymes, are non-protein compounds that may be reused and do not include carbon (inorganic). Cofactors are metal ions that loosely attach to an enzyme’s active site, such as iron, zinc, cobalt, and copper. Because most organisms do not natively manufacture metal ions, they must be supplemented in the diet.

Prosthetic Groups : Organic vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids, and inorganic metal ions are examples of them. Unlike coenzymes or cofactors, however, these groups attach to an enzyme very firmly or covalently to aid in catalysing processes. In cellular respiration and photosynthesis, these categories are frequently used.

Functions of Coenzymes :

• Vitamins as coenzymes: The metabolite form of vitamin A, retinoic acid, acts as a gene regulator and is hence critical for cell formation. Vitamin K is a coenzyme that helps enzymes shuttle —CO2 groups around (g-carboxylases). The carboxylic group binds to calcium, which is necessary for the synthesis of osteocalcin, a key protein in bone remodelling. It is also necessary for the synthesis of prothrombin, which is essential for blood coagulation.
• Apoenzymes are enzymes that don’t have a cofactor. Enzymes cannot catalyse processes adequately without coenzymes or cofactors. In fact, it’s possible that the enzyme won’t work at all. An organism’s ability to sustain life will be hampered if reactions cannot occur at the regular catalytic rate.
• An enzyme becomes a holoenzyme, or active enzyme, when it acquires a cofactor. Active enzymes convert substrates into the products that an organism needs to perform key chemical and physiological processes. Coenzymes, like enzymes, can be reused and recycled multiple times without affecting the rate or efficacy of the process. They bind to a part of an enzyme’s active site, allowing the catalytic reaction to proceed. The coenzyme can no longer connect to the active site when an enzyme is denatured by excessive temperature or pH.

Examples of Coenzymes :

• Coenzyme A is required for fatty acid, amino acid, carbohydrate, and other biological substance metabolism. It contains pantothenic acid (PA), a vitamin B derivative. As an acyl-carrier protein cofactor, PA also plays a role in fatty acid production. The coenzyme forms of vitamin B12 are involved in the production of methionine (amino acid).
• Several enzymes, such as flavoproteins and some pyridoxine- and biotin-containing enzymes, have a ‘built-in’ cofactor and prosthetic groups. Metal-containing enzymes are known as flavoproteins. They transfer hydrogen atoms from their coenzymes, such as reduced NAD, to their prosthetic group. When receiving hydrogen, the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which is a derivative of riboflavin, works as a prosthetic group. The flavin is then re-oxidized by coenzyme Q, which continues the electron transport chain to form a water molecule. Because biotin is involved in the manufacture of fatty acids, it is expected to play a role in fatty acid-derived hormones like prostaglandin.
• Biotin’s coenzyme is biocytin. It helps to enhance the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids by assisting in numerous carboxylation processes. Biocytin is also involved in the production of urea. The coenzyme form of folate has one carbon unit, which is required for the conversion of amino acids to pyrimidine and purine bases, which are needed for DNA and RNA production.
• Retinol, a vitamin A aldehyde form, is a cofactor for apoproteins present in the eye. Apoproteins are responsible for eyesight in low-light situations. They are also important in the retina’s bright light and colour vision.
• There are numerous other biological reactions in which coenzymes are involved. Another example is coenzymes that help in the breakdown of carbohydrates for energy production by removing carbon dioxide (decarboxylation) from a substance, such as the active form of vitamin B1, thiamin.

Conclusion :

A coenzyme is a chemical that helps an enzyme work better. (An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst in a chemical reaction, mediating and speeding it up.) Coenzymes are tiny molecules that play an important role in the body. They cannot catalyse reactions on their own, but they can assist enzymes in doing so. Coenzymes are organic non protein molecules that bind to the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to create the active enzyme (holoenzyme).