Apoptosis

It is possible to define apoptosis as a type of cell death where a planned series of cells dies without spreading toxic substances into the surrounding environment. It is also referred to as programmed cell death or cellular suicide in some circles. This type of programmed cell death is the most well-understood of the three. It results in the death of a cell, but the organism as a whole benefits from it. This is a systematic process in which the contents of the cell are organised into small packets of membrane for collection by the immune cells’ garbage collectors. It contributes to the maintenance of the body’s balance by removing cells that are in the process of developing and by eliminating cells that are potentially cancerous or virus-infected.

Apoptosis

Cell death that occurs as a result of a series of molecular events occurring within a cell. In order to rid itself of unwanted or abnormal cells, the body employs a variety of methods. Oncogenic cells may be prevented from going through the process of apoptosis. A cell death that has been programmed.

Apoptosis Pathway

Apoptosis pathways are classified into two categories:

• Intrinsic Pathway:The mitochondrial pathway is another name for this. A signal to destroy one of its own genes or proteins is received by the cell when DNA damage is detected by one of its own genes or proteins.
• Extrinsic Pathway:This pathway is also referred to as the death receptor pathway. During this process, a cell receives a signal from other cells in the organism to initiate apoptosis. A cell’s demise occurs when it has outlived its usefulness or is no longer a worthwhile investment for the organism to maintain.

Examples of Apoptosis

• The Transformation of a Tadpole into a Frog -In frog tadpoles, apoptosis is demonstrated in the most spectacular way possible, as the tadpoles completely destroy and re-absorb their entire body structures as they undergo their transformation into frogs. As the tadpole matures, the cells in the gills, fins, and tail of the tadpole are more likely to die as a result of apoptosis signals. The raw material from the destroyed cells becomes an important building material for new growing limbs, as well as a nutritional supplement.
• Mouse Feet -The feet of mice begin their development as flat, spade-shaped objects during the early stages of embryonic development. Because of the process of apoptosis, the feet eventually separate into five distinct toes as development progresses. The cells are linked together in order to create distinct gaps between them.

Process of Apoptosis

• Cell Volume Decreases – This is observed in all examples of apoptosis, indicating that the loss of cell volume is a universal characteristic of programmed cell death. Cell Death –
• Cell Fragments – During this step, the DNA in the nucleus of the cell condenses and breaks into evenly sized fragments, which are then released into the surrounding environment.
• Cytoskeleton Collapses -When the cytoskeleton of the immature organism collapses, the organism is considered to be fully developed.
• Nuclear Envelope Disassembles-During this step, the nuclear envelope is dismantled and removed from the reactor.
• Cells Release Apoptotic Bodies -At this stage, cells undergo morphological changes such as membrane blebbing, the formation of thin membrane protrusions, and the generation of distinct apoptotic bodies, among other things.

Apoptosis and Its Implications

• When cells are produced in excess and eventually die as a result of programmed cell death, this results in the sculpting of many organs and tissues during the development of many organs and tissues.
• Every single second, nearly one lakh cells in the human body die as a result of apoptosis, and a similar number of new cells are formed through mitosis.
• On average, between 8 and 14-year-old children die approximately 29 to 30 billion cells per day.
• Because of apoptosis, the epithelial lining of our bodies changes completely every 23 days.

Role of Apoptosis

• Adverse Ventricular Remodelling-When systolic and diastolic dysfunction coexist, a process known as cardiac remodelling occurs. It involves the dilation and thinning of the heart chamber walls in the presence of systolic and diastolic dysfunction, respectively.
• Pancreatic Cancer Pathology – Pancreatic tumours are resistant to apoptotic cell death, which could lead to the development of new molecular strategies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
• Morphogenesis-As with a stone sculpture, this apoptosis acts as a sculptor by removing the material and revealing a new shape.
• Cancer-The development of apoptosis, a rapid and irreversible process that efficiently eliminates malfunctioning cells, is associated with cancer.
• Treatment of Bone –  Pathogenesis and Treatment Malignant transformation may be accompanied by defective apoptosis, which results in the dysregulation of cells. The pathogenesis of progressive bone disease is complicated by the involvement of the death mechanism.

Conclusion

It is possible for mild cellular injury, as well as various factors internal or external to the cell, to trigger apoptosis, which causes the death of the damaged cells in a controlled manner. Necrosis, the other major process of cell death known as necrosis, is distinguished from apoptosis because it is a morphologically distinct form of programmed cell death. Apoptosis is characterised by the condensing of the nucleus and cytoplasm, followed by the division of the cell into well-defined fragments that are then discarded. Normally, the number of cells in a multicellular organism is determined by the rate of cell production less the rate of apoptosis (cell suicide).