Adrenal

Introduction

What do you suppose happens in your body when you’re terrified or ready to face a potentially dangerous situation? Do you have any anxiety? Do you have any tremors in your hands? This is due to the adrenal glands, which are little triangle glands located on the top of both kidneys. The suprarenal gland is another name for this Adrenal gland.

When you think of these glands, you might naturally think of tension, dread and panic. And you’re probably correct; the Adrenal glands are responsible for the release of adrenaline, possibly one of the most well-known chemicals. As a result, when confronted with a dangerous scenario, adrenal hormones assist in preparing the body to go into fight or flight mode.

Adrenal Gland Location

On top of each kidney are the Adrenal Glands. Even the word “adrenal” alludes to where they are located: (Ad – “near” and renes – “kidneys” in Latin.) Suprarenal glands are another name for these glands.

The Inferior vena cava and the right lobe of the liver are located on the front side of the right adrenal gland. The right crus of the diaphragm flanks the posterior side. The stomach, pancreas and spleen are all located on the left adrenal gland’s anterior side. The left crus of the diaphragm flanks the posterior side.

Adrenal Gland Anatomy

The Adrenal gland consists of two main regions.

First, there’s the adrenal cortex, which is the gland’s largest and outermost portion. It is further divided into three zones: zona glomerulosa, zona reticularis and zona fasciculata. Each of these zones produces hormones that are particular to distinct sections of the body.

The second is the adrenal medulla, which is located in the centre of the adrenal gland, inside the adrenal cortex. Stress hormones are released in this area.

The adrenal medulla is covered in a protective layer called the adipose capsule that surrounds the adrenal gland, along with the adrenal cortex.

In addition, the right gland is pyramidal in shape and significantly smaller than the left. The left gland is nearly semilunar in shape and the two glands are approximately 5×3 cm in size. A healthy pair of adrenal glands weigh between 7 and 10 grams and are yellow.

Parts of Adrenal Glands 

There are three distinct layers of the Adrenal glands.

1. Adrenal Capsule

Each Adrenal gland is surrounded by a protective layer of fat called a capsule. Although this capsule layer is not exactly a part of the adrenal glands, its principal role is to encapsulate and protect each of the adrenal glands.

2. Adrenal Cortex

The Adrenal cortex is the gland’s outermost layer, which is responsible for producing the hormones aldosterone, cortisol and androgens. Under a microscope, there are three layers of cortex termed zones that may be viewed and easily differentiated:

• Zona glomerulosa – Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone are secreted.
• Zona fasciculata – It’s in charge of making corticosteroids like cortisol. Small amounts of androgens are also secreted (such as testosterone and androstenedione)
• Zona reticularis – It produces dehydroepiandrosterone (DHES) (also called androstenolone)

3. Adrenal Medulla

The medulla is the last and innermost component of the adrenal gland. It houses the Chromaffin cells, which manufacture catecholamines (such as adrenaline and noradrenaline) and endorphins for the body. In response to stress, they are stored and released.

Adrenal Gland Function

The release of stress chemicals from the adrenal glands triggers one of the most well-known responses, the Fight or Flight Response.

A variety of hormones are produced by the Adrenal glands. These hormones are critical for the body’s normal functioning. The glands, for example, secrete cortisol, an anti-inflammatory hormone that supports the immune system.

Other hormones produced by the adrenal gland help to control metabolism and blood pressure.

Adrenal Gland Hormones

1. Epinephrine: It is often known as adrenaline and acts as a stress hormone that causes the heart rate to increase and the blood glucose levels to rise.
2. Norepinephrine: Also known as noradrenaline, it is a stress hormone that works in tandem with epinephrine. Its main purpose is to prepare the body and mind for action.
3. Hydrocortisone: It is a steroid hormone that is also known as cortisol. It is responsible for regulating biological functions such as the conversion of lipids and carbohydrates to energy, as well as other metabolic processes.
4. Corticosterone: This hormone, in combination with hydrocortisone, regulates the immune response and reduces inflammation.

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland diseases occur when the adrenal glands generate insufficient or no hormones. Even aberrant growths or tumours have the potential to cause sickness. Here are the Adrenal examples of disorders. 

1. Cushing’s Syndrome is a disorder in which the body’s cortisol levels are abnormally high. A tumour in the adrenal gland or the pituitary gland could be the cause.
2. Adrenocortical carcinoma is a type of cancer that arises in the outer layer of the adrenal gland. This sort of tumour is usually discovered years after it has spread to other organs.
3. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is a hereditary condition in which cortisol production is abnormally low. People with this illness may also have other hormonal imbalances, such as their bodies producing too much androgen but not enough aldosterone.
4. Addison’s disease is caused by inadequate cortisol or aldosterone production by the adrenal glands. It causes weakness, exhaustion, low blood pressure, nausea and other symptoms. Addison disease is caused in 70% of instances by an autoimmune illness in which the body erroneously targets the adrenal glands. As a result, the adrenal gland produces insufficient amounts of the hormone aldosterone.

Conclusion 

We’ve discussed adrenal gland. By reading this information you will understand all about the Adrenal, its functions and various hormones present in the gland.