Modulation

Modulation

Modulation, in PHYSICS, is a method for impressing information (voice, music, picture, or data) on a radio-frequency carrier wave with the aid of using various one or more traits of the wave in accordance with the intelligence signal. There are numerous types of modulation, every type designed to regulate a specific function of the carrier wave. The most generally altered traits consist of amplitude, frequency, phase, pulse sequence, and pulse duration.

Working of Modulation

Information may be introduced to the carrier by varying its amplitude, frequency, phase, polarization — for optical signals — or even quantum-stage phenomena like spin. Modulation is generally applied to electromagnetic signals: radio waves, lasers/optics and computer networks. 

Modulation may even be applied to an instantaneous current — which may be handled as a degenerate carrier wave with a set amplitude and frequency of zero Hz — particularly by turning it on and off, as in Morse code telegraphy or a digital current loop interface. The unique case of no carrier — a response message indicating a connected tool is no longer connected to a remote system — is known as baseband modulation. 

Modulation also can be applied to a low-frequency alternating current — 50-60 Hz — as with powerline networking.

Types of modulation

In general, there are 5 types of Modulation. They are as follows:

• Amplitude modulation: In amplitude modulation (AM), auditory or visible data is impressed on a carrier wave through varying the amplitude of the carrier to match the fluctuations in the audio or video signal being transmitted.

Amplitude modulation is the oldest technique of broadcasting radio programs. Commercial Amplitude modulation stations function at frequencies spaced 10 kHz apart between 535 and 1,605 kHz. Radio waves on this frequency range are successfully reflected back to the Earth’s surface through the ionosphere and may be detected by the receivers hundreds of miles away.

In addition to its use in business radio broadcasting, Amplitude modulation is used in long-distance shortwave radio broadcasts and in transmitting the video part of tv programs.

• Frequency modulation: In frequency modulation (FM), unlike AM, the amplitude of the carrier is kept constant, however its frequency is altered according to the versions in the audio signal being sent. This form of modulation was developed by the American electrical engineer Edwin H. Armstrong at some point of the early 1930s in an attempt to triumph over interference and noise that have an effect on Amplitude modulation radio reception.

Frequency modulation is much less susceptible than Amplitude modulation to certain types of interference, inclusive of that due to thunderstorms in addition to random electric currents from equipment and different associated sources. These noise-generating signals have an effect on the amplitude of a radio wave but not its frequency, and so a Frequency modulation signal stays certainly unchanged. 

Frequency modulation is more preferred than Amplitude modulation to the transmission of stereophonic sound, audio signals for tv programs, and long-distance cell phone calls through microwave radio relay. Commercial FM broadcasting stations are assigned higher frequencies than are Amplitude modulation stations. The assigned frequencies, spaced 200 kHz apart, varying from 88 to 108 MHz

• Phase modulation: The phase of a carrier wave is varied in response to the vibrations of the sound supply in phase modulation (PM). This form of modulation is often taken into consideration as a variant of Frequency modulation. These techniques are closely associated due to the fact that phase cannot be modified without modifying the varying frequency, and vice versa. 

Also, the rate at which the phase of a carrier changes is directly proportional to the frequency of the audio signal. Like Frequency modulation, Phase modulation minimizes diverse kinds of interference to broadcast reception at frequencies under 30 MHz; the methods are usually used together. 

Frequency modulation cannot be carried out during the amplification of a sound signal in broadcasting, and so Phase modulation is used instead. Phase modulation is likewise applied in a few microwaves radio relays and in certain types of telegraphic and data-processing systems. Other essential programs of Phase modulation consist of communications among mobile radio units used via way of means of the police and military.

• Pulse-coded modulation: In pulse-code modulation (PCM), the intelligence signal converts the carrier into a chain of constant-amplitude pulses spaced in this sort of manner that the preferred intelligence is contained in coded form. Continuous signals, which include voice messages, tv pictures, and computer data, are usually converted into the Baudot Code or its variations, which are composed of styles of 5 or 7 “on ” and “off” pulses. 

PCM minimizes transmission losses and removes noise and interference troubles due to the fact the receiving unit need only detect and perceive easy pulse patterns. Moreover, the pulses, unlike non-stop signals, may be regenerated electronically with the aid of using repeater stations alongside the transmission path with genuinely no distortion.

Many communications firms and organisations, including Comsat and Intelsat, use Pulse-coded modulation, which was invented by H.A. Reeves of the United States in 1939, for telegraph, telephone, and television transmission.

This method has been proven particularly beneficial for transferring digital data between computer terminals.

• Pulse-duration modulation: Pulse-duration modulation (PDM) is another kind of pulse modulation in which intelligence is represented by the length and order of regularly occurring pulses.

The International Morse Code, which is used in ship-to-shore communications, amateur radio, and other forms of radiotelegraphy, is an example of Pulse-duration modulation.

Need of Modulation

In this section we will discuss about the need of modulation:

• Size of the Antennae: When a signal is transmitted over open space, the antennae broadcast the signal, which is received by the receiver.

Antennae should be in the order of the wavelength of the sent signal in order to perform efficiently.

L=λ=U/V=(3×108)/v Hz

The range of speech frequencies is 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Assuming that the frequency is 20 kHz and that it is transmitted to a receiver through a free space channel.

                Length of Antennae  =3×108/20×103=1500m=15Km      

It is impossible to construct such a large antenna. Instead, we leverage the concept of transferring the signal via a high-frequency carrier wave, and hence use a 1000 kHz carrier wave to do so. The antennae’s length would now be;

Length of Antennae =3×108/1000×103=1500m  

This antenna length is simple to construct, and this example clearly demonstrates how important modulation is in communication systems.

• Wireless Communication: We have eliminated the requirement of wires in communication systems by employing modulation to transport messages over space over great distances.

Modulation is a technology that has greatly aided humans in their usage of wireless equipment. 

Telephones no longer need to be connected into the wall. All of the advantages of modulation have significantly improved our living standards.

• Interference from other signals: This is a point to consider from a practical standpoint.

Assume you’re sending the baseband signal to a receiver, such as your friend’s phone.

Thousands of people throughout the city will be using their cell phones, just like you.

Such signals cannot be distinguished, and they will interfere with one another, resulting in a lot of noise in the system and a poor output. There is no signal mixing and the received signals are flawless because of the use of a high-frequency carrier wave and allocating a range of frequencies to each message.

Conclusion

The process of encoding information in a transmitted signal is known as modulation, whereas the process of retrieving information from the signal is known as demodulation. The degree to which the extracted information properly matches the original input data is influenced by a number of factors.

Multiple carriers of various frequencies can frequently be conveyed across a single medium, each modulated by a separate signal. Wi-Fi, for example, employs individual channels to send and receive data from several clients at the same time.