Various Economic Systems

An economy is a man-made system created to meet society’s needs. There are three types of economic systems, namely mixed economy, capitalist economy, and socialistic economy. 

Here are some general characteristics of an economy:

• The type of economy is based on the means of production and ownership of resources.
• Resources or means of production can be in private ownership with individual freedom to use them for profit, or they can be in collective ownership (government control) and used for the society’s collective welfare.

• The three types of economic systems are based on the degree of individual freedom and profit motive in each category.

Capitalist Economy

• The capitalist or free enterprise economy is the most traditional type. In this type, the government intervenes as little as possible in economic activities.

Here are the main features of a capitalist economy:

• Private property: In a capitalist economy, everyone has the right to own property. A person can acquire property and use it for their benefit. There are no restrictions on owning land, machines, mines, or factories to profit from and accumulate wealth.
• Freedom of enterprise: Individuals have an unrestricted right to pursue any occupation they desire. The freedom of enterprise implies that businesses are free to acquire resources and use them to produce any good or service. Firms are also free to sell their products in any market they choose. A worker has the right to decide their employer.

• Consumer sovereignty: In a capitalist economy, consumers are considered kings. They have complete discretion of spending their money on goods and services that provide them with the most satisfaction. Consumer preferences guide production in a capitalist system. Consumer sovereignty means freedom of consumers.

• Profit motive: In capitalism, self-interest is the guiding principle. Entrepreneurs understand that they will own the profit or loss after all other factors of production have been paid. They are constantly motivated to maximise their leftover profit by minimising costs and increasing revenue. As a result, a capitalist economy is efficient and self-regulating.

• Competition: In a capitalist system, there are no restrictions on the entry and exit of firms. Many producers are available to supply a specific good or service so that no firm can earn more than the usual profit. Competition is a fundamental characteristic of the capitalist economy and is required to protect consumers from exploitation.

• Importance of markets and prices: Many features of capitalism such as freedom to own private property, freedom of choice, profit motive, and competition allow for the free and efficient functioning of the price mechanism. Capitalism is, at its core, a market economy in which every commodity has a price. This price is determined by the industry’s forces of supply and demand.

• Absence of government intervention: In a free enterprise or capitalist economy, government intervention and assistance are not required. The government’s role is to facilitate free and efficient operations of markets. In today’s world, pure capitalism no longer exists. The economies of countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Netherlands, Australia, Portugal, etc., are capitalistic. 

Socialist Economy 

In socialist or centrally-planned economies, the government owns and controls all productive resources for the benefit of the society as a whole. The central planning authority makes all the decisions.

Here are the features of a socialist economy:

• Collective ownership of means of production: In a socialist economy, the government owns the means of production on behalf of the people. Private property is abolished, and no individual is permitted to own any production unit, accumulate wealth, or pass it on to their heirs. People may, however, own long-lasting consumer goods for their private use.

• Social welfare objective: Decisions are made by the government to maximise social welfare rather than individual profit. The forces of demand and supply play no significant role. Decisions are made with the social welfare objective in mind.

• Central planning: Economic planning is a necessary component of a socialist economy. The central planning authority allocates resources while keeping national priorities and resource availability in mind. The government is responsible for making all the economic decisions when it comes to consumption, production, and even investment. 

• Reduction in inequalities: The freedom to own private property and the law of inheritance are the drivers of a capitalist economy. But these lead to income and wealth inequalities. A socialist economic system can reduce income inequalities by abolishing these two characteristics of the capitalist economy. It should be noted that complete equality in income and wealth is neither desirable nor practicable.

• No class conflict: The interest of the workers and the company management differs in a capitalist economy. They both want to maximise their profit or earnings, which leads to class conflict. In a socialist economy, there is no class conflict because everyone is a worker. 

Mixed Economy

A mixed economy combines the best aspects of capitalism and socialism. 

The main characteristics of a mixed economy are as follows:

• Co-existence of public and private sectors: The private sector is made up of production units that are privately-owned and run for profit. The public sectorconsists of government-owned production units based on social welfare. Each sector’s economic activities are generally delineated. The government employs various policies like licensing, taxation, price, monetary, and fiscal policies to control and regulate the private sector.

• Individual freedom: Individuals engage in economic activities to maximise their income. They are free to pursue any occupation and consume whatever they want. However, producers are not permitted to exploit consumers and workers.

• Economic planning: The government develops long-term plans and determines the private and public sectors’ roles in the economy’s development. The government has direct control over the public sector, so production targets and plans are developed accordingly. The private sector is encouraged, rewarded, supported, and subsidised to work according to national priorities.

• Price mechanism: Prices have a significant impact on resource allocation. The policy of administered prices is used in some sectors. To assist the target group, the government also provides price subsidies. The government’s goal is to maximise the welfare of the people. For those who cannot afford to buy goods at market prices, the government provides them with these free or below-market (subsidised) rates.

Conclusion

Economic systems refer to changes in the existing rules and regulations concerned with economic growth. Post-Independence, India faced the responsibility of rebuilding its economy. Economic systems were introduced to meet the prevailing exigencies, such as the abolition of privy purse and licence raj and the introduction of a centralised banking system. Faced with a crisis in 1991, India had to launch radical measures to promote economic development, which led to the introduction of the New Economic Policy in 1991. The reforms were also known as LPG reforms, which stood for liberation, privatisation and globalisation. In recent times, with the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and demonetisation, the country aims to continue growing on the economic front. With the rapid pace at which changes and developments occur, one can only hope that the Indian economy will continue to grow in the years ahead.