Three domains of life characteristics

Prior to the concept of three domains of cellular life, life on Earth was divided into two groups: Prokaryotae or Monera (which included bacteria) and Eukaryote (which comprised animals, plants, fungi and protists). Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and physicist, proposed the three-domain system biological classification of life in 1990, which divides life on Earth into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryote. It is essentially a biological classification of the three domains of life based on differences in their 16S rRNA genes. The two-empire system, also known as the super-domain system, as well as the six-kingdom system are two other popular biological classification systems.

The Archaea (archaebacteria)

Archaea are prokaryotic cells distinguished by membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains linked to glycerol via ether linkages. Archaea’s ability to withstand extreme temperatures and highly acidic conditions is enhanced by the presence of these ether-containing linkages. Extreme halophiles – organisms that thrive in extremely salty environments – and hyperthermophiles – organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments – are the best examples of Archaea.

• Archaea are prokaryotic cells. 
• Archaea’s cell walls are devoid of peptidoglycan.
• Archaea are not sensitive to certain antibiotics that affect Bacteria, but they are sensitive to certain antibiotics that affect Eukarya.
• Archaea have rRNA that is distinct from Bacteria and Eukarya, as evidenced by the presence of molecular regions that are distinct from Bacteria and Eukarya rRNA.

Archaea, which includes methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles, frequently live in extreme environments. One reason for this is that ether-containing linkages in Archaea membranes are more stable than ester-containing linkages in Bacteria and Eukarya, and can withstand higher temperatures and stronger acid concentrations.

The Bacteria (eubacteria)

 Bacteria are best Characterised as cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas. They are classified as a different category – and thus a different domain – because they lack ether-containing linkages like Archaea. There is so much diversity in this domain that determining how many species of bacteria exist on the planet is nearly impossible.

Bacteria exhibit the following characteristics:

• Bacteria are prokaryotic (eukaryotic) cells.
• They, like the Eukarya, have membranes made of unbranched fatty acid chains linked to glycerol via ester linkages.
• Bacterial cell walls, unlike Archaea and Eukarya, contain peptidoglycan.
• Bacteria are sensitive to traditional antibacterial antibiotics, but most antibiotics that affect Eukarya are resistant.
• Bacteria have rRNA that is distinct from Archaea and Eukarya, as evidenced by the presence of molecular regions that are not found in Archaea or Eukarya rRNA.
• Bacteria are microorganisms that include mycoplasmas, cyanobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria.

Bacteria are prokaryotes, which are single-celled organisms without nuclei. They reproduce sexually and asexually. Bacteria is a Greek word that means “little stick.” Bacteria can be found in every environment on the planet, including the human gut. Bacteria aid in the digestion of food. 

The Eukarya (eukaryotes)

Eukaryotes, as the name implies, are eukaryotic cells with membranes that are very similar to those of bacteria. Not all Eukaryotes have a cell wall, and even if they do, they lack the peptidoglycan found in bacteria. While cells in both kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia are organized into tissues, cell walls are only found in members of kingdom Plantae.

The Eukarya are divided into the kingdoms listed below:

• Kingdom of Protista

Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are mostly unicellular. Euglenoids, Slime molds, algae, and protozoans are some examples.

• Kingdom of Fungi

Cell walls exist, but the cells are not organized into tissues. They do not use photosynthesis and instead obtain nutrients through the absorption. Sac fungi, club fungi, yeasts, and molds are some examples.

• Kingdom of Plantae

Plants are multicellular organisms that are made up of eukaryotic cells. Tissues are formed by the organization of cells, which have cell walls. Photosynthesis and absorption provide them with nutrients. Mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants are some examples.

• Kingdom of Animalia

Animals are complex multicellular organisms made up of eukaryotic cells. Cells are organized into tissues and do not have cell walls. They do not perform photosynthesis and get their nutrients primarily through ingestion. Sponge, worms, insects, and vertebrates are some examples.

The following characteristics are shared by the Eukarya (also spelled Eucarya):

• Eukaryotic cells exist in Eukarya.
• They, like Bacteria, have membranes made of unbranched fatty acid chains linked to glycerol by ester linkages.
• Not all Eukarya have cells with a cell wall, but those that do have a cell wall do not have peptidoglycan.
• Traditional antibacterial antibiotics are resistant to Eukarya, but most antibiotics that affect eukaryotic cells are not.
• Eukarya have rRNA that is distinct from Archaea and Bacteria, as evidenced by the presence of molecular regions that are not found in Archaea or Bacteria.

Conclusion

The study of naming organisms based on characteristics is known as biological taxonomy. The biological taxonomic system is divided into eight groups that range in specificity from large domains to more narrow species.

Domains of life are the broadest biological classifications of cellular evolution. There are three domains in the taxonomic system:

• Archaea
• Eukarya
• Bacteria

Carl Woese, a scientist, proposed this naming system. Only two domains were widely accepted prior to Woese: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, Woese discovered a third domain in 1977: archaea, which was widely accepted as the third domain throughout biological taxonomy in 1990.

The domains of life follow the progression of cellular change. They are all descended from the same Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA). Archaea are small cells with very little internal structure, no nuclei, and RNA rather than DNA. Archaea are also comparable to eukaryotes in that they use similar enzymes for metabolism and gene transcription. While they may share similarities, organisms from the same domain have characteristics that are unique to that domain.