Other organelles

Either organelle is separately bound and covered within their lipid bilayers also referred to as membrane-bound organelles or broadly distinct functional units without the surrounding layer of lipid bilayers known as non-membrane bound organelles. However, most other organelles are functional units inside cells and also various functional units that extend outside of the cells and are often termed as organelles for example cilia, the flagellum and archaellum, and the trichocyst. 

By microscopy, organelles are usually identified and can also be purified by cell fractionation. There are also various types of other organelles particularly present in eukaryotic cells. Organelles also include structures that help in making up the endomembrane system for example the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Also other structures like mitochondria and plastids. 

However, eukaryotic organelles are not possessed by prokaryotes, whereas some consist of protein-shelled bacterial microcompartments, we have also seen evidence of other membrane-bound structures.  Other organelles include:

Nucleus

The nucleus is also known as the command centre, the nucleus is also a large organelle that helps to store the cell’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The nucleus is in control of mainly all the cell activities, for example, growth and metabolism. These functions of the nucleus are done by using the DNA’s genetic information. There is a smaller structure present within the nucleus which is known as the nucleolus. The nucleolus is in charge of housing the RNA (ribonucleic acid). The DNA’s orders to the rest of the cells are conveyed by the help of the RNA and also serve as a template for protein synthesis.

The blueprints for every protein in our body are found in our DNA, all compacted and packaged into a neat double helix. Transcription is the process to transform DNA into proteins. Both transcription and translation are carried out in different compartments inside the cells. Transcription, the very first process is performed in our nucleus (other organelles), whose job is to hold our DNA. 

A membrane that surrounds the nucleus is known as the nuclear envelope and the nuclear envelope’s job is to create the room inside the cells to protect genetic information and also to be able to house all the molecules that are involved in this processing and protect that info both. The outer membrane known as the nuclear envelope is made up of two sets of lipid bilayers, so in total there are four sheets of lipids that separate the inside of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Perinuclear space is the space between two consecutive bilayers.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum is mainly derived from two words: endo which means inside and plasm which in cell biology means cytoplasm and from the Latin word for the net, the name Reticulum comes. Endoplasmic Reticulum is just a plasma membrane found inside the cell that folds in on itself to create internal space. The internal space created by the folds is known as the lumen. With the perinuclear space, the lumen is continuous, so by that, we know the nuclear envelope is attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. There are two different types of endoplasmic Reticulum present in a cell: the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

1. Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum – The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for making lipids and steroids, instead of taking part in the protein synthesis. For energy storage, membrane structure, and communication where steroids can act as hormones, these fat-based molecules are important. For the process of detoxifying the cells, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is more pipe-like in structure than the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum – the rough endoplasmic reticulum got its name ‘rough’ because of the uneven surface due to the presence of ribosomes in its surface. The molecules present in the rough endoplasmic Reticulum are in charge of protein production. When a specific RNA segment is found by a ribosome, the segment may assist the ribosome to carry itself and travel to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then embed itself.

Golgi apparatus (aka Golgi body aka Golgi)

Upon entering the Golgi (other organelles), different molecules go through different fates. This resoluteness is usually done by pointing out the proteins with particular special sugar molecules that act as a shipping label for the protein. Although this shipping department points out the molecules and then set them in on one of 4 paths:

1. Cytosol – cytosol is the protein that mistakenly enters the Golgi body and then is sent back again into the cytosol.
2. Cell membrane – the proteins formed for the cell membrane are continuously processed.
3. Secretion – some proteins are secreted from the cell to act on other parts of the body and are meant to be secreted that way. Before the fusion of the cell membrane with the vesicles, they must be accumulated in number and a special chemical sign is to be released.
4. Lysosome – lysosome is the known final destination of the protein coming through the Golgi. The lysosome’s content is hydrolyzed by the Vesicles sent to this acidic organelle.

Mitochondria

Do you know which other organelles in the human body contain DNA? Its mitochondria, mitochondria are the other organelle in the human body that contains DNA. A membrane-bound cell organelle that can generate most of the chemical energy needed to provide power to the cell’s biochemical reactions is known as mitochondria singular mitochondrion. Mitochondria consist of their small chromosomes. Although mitochondria are known as membrane-bound organelles their membrane is bounded by two different membranes.

Conclusion

An organelle is a structure present inside the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that is covered in a membrane and also performs a specific job. However, we have seen ribosomes are not covered in any type of member. The nucleus is the other organelle first known and do you know what are the 12 organelles and their functions.

1. Mitochondria provide energy to the cell
2. Ribosome-helps in converting into proteins
3. Endoplasmic reticulum- organelles that form an interconnected network
4. Golgi apparatus-enclosed in a membrane that varies in thickness
5. Lysosome-single membrane-bound organelles present
6. Vacuole
7. Chloroplasts-Double membrane-bound organelles
8. Cytoplasm
9. Peroxisome
10. Nucleolus
11. Centriole
12. Plastid