Organs and Organelles

In biology, an organ is a collection of tissues in a living organism that has been specially designed to perform a specific function. Organs in higher animals are organised into organ systems; for example, the oesophagus, stomach, and liver are all organs of the digestive system, which includes the intestines. Organelles, like organs such as the heart, liver, stomach, and kidneys, perform specific functions to keep an organism alive in the same way that organs such as the heart, liver, stomach, and kidneys perform specific functions to keep an organism alive.

Organs

When it comes to more advanced animals, there are typically ten organ systems. These systems emerge gradually in the lower animals and reach their full complexity and functional specialisation in the higher animals, where they are able to communicate with one another. The primary organs of plants are the stem, root, and leaf, all of which contribute to the plant’s nourishment, as well as the reproductive organs (e.g., flowers, seed, and spores). These organs, just as they are in animals, are responsible for the fundamental life-sustaining functions of the organism.

Organelles

Organelles are highly specialised structures that carry out a variety of functions within cells. The term literally translates as “small organs.”

Cells are divided into two distinct categories: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are distinguished primarily by the presence of a single organelle, the nucleus. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus, whereas eukaryotic cells do contain one. A nucleus is a large organelle that stores DNA and serves as the cell’s command centre. It is found in all living cells. Typically, single-cell organisms are prokaryotic in nature, whereas multi-cell organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells in most cases.

The mitochondrion, another large organelle found in eukaryotic cells, is an organelle that is responsible for the production of ATP, a chemical that organisms use to generate energy. Hundreds of mitochondria can be found in a single cell. These mitochondria are composed of two membranes: an outer membrane that encloses the organelle and an inner membrane that folds over several times to form a multi-layered structure known as cristae. The matrix is a fluid that fills the mitochondria and contains proteins as well as mitochondrial DNA, and it is found within the cells.

Chloroplasts are another type of organelle that has a double membrane and is capable of retaining its own DNA. The inner membrane of chloroplasts, in contrast to the mitochondria, is not folded like the outer membrane. Their cells do, however, contain a third, internal membrane, known as the thylakoid membrane, which is folded inwards. Furthermore, unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts are only found in plant cells, as opposed to animal cells. They are in charge of converting sunlight into energy, which is accomplished through a process known as photosynthesis.

Liposomes, for example, are responsible for the digestion and recycling of toxic and waste substances and waste products. Their walls are lined with proteins known as enzymes, which are responsible for the breakdown of macromolecules such as amino acids, carbohydrates, and phospholipids. Lysosomes are produced by a larger organelle known as the Golgi complex, which is also responsible for the production of other cellular machinery. When a cell dies, it self-destructs by releasing lysosomes into the surrounding environment.

Organelles can be identified using microscopy, and they can also be isolated and purified using cell fractionation. Organelles come in a variety of shapes and sizes, particularly in eukaryotic cells. Endomembrane systems (such as the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus) as well as other structures, such as mitochondria and plastids, are among the structures that are included in this category.

Even though prokaryotes do not have organelles like those found in eukaryotes, some of them do contain protein-shelled bacterial microcompartments that are thought to function as primitive prokaryotic organelles. There is also evidence of other membrane-bound structures in some prokaryotes. Additionally, the prokaryotic flagellum, which protrudes outside the cell, and its motor, as well as the pilus, which is primarily found outside the cell, are all referred to as organelles.

Conclusion

Generally speaking, an organ is a collection of tissues that are joined together in a structural unit to perform a common function. An organ is a structure that exists between a tissue and an organ system in the hierarchy of life. Tissues are formed from cells of the same type that work together to perform a function. Various tissue types come together to form an organ that performs a specific function in the body. An organelle is a specialised subunit of a cell that performs a specific function. Organelles are found in all cells.