Dual Nature of Matter

The dual nature of matter is related to electron emission for transmitting electrons from the surface of a metal. Minimum energy is required for supplying free electrons with different emission methods. Thermionic emission enables electrons to come out of the surface of a metal by heating the matter. Field emission triggers electron emission out of the surface of a matter with help of a strong electric field. Photoelectric emission illuminates the surface of a matter with an appropriate light frequency. 

Dual nature of matter

Lewis de-Broglie proposed the theory of Dual Nature of Matter. Just like radiation, matter also has dual properties. According to the concept of De Broglie dual nature of matter, light depends on Electromagnetic radiation and symmetry. Matter waves also have dual properties; wave-like properties are generally shown in moving matters. Waves that are linked with moving particles are known as “De-Broglie waves” or “Matter waves”. A Dual nature of electrons can be related to the dual nature of matter. The De Broglie equation is generally used for describing the wave nature of electrons. Theory of a dual nature of matter is based on angular momentum of a particle. De-Broglie defines a relation between wavelength and momentum. A Mathematical equation of Wavelength is “λ= h/P where h is Planck’s constant and P is the momentum of a matter or particle”.  Planck’s quantum theory shows that if heat is applied to a black body it causes an emission of thermal radiation that has various frequencies and wavelengths. According to this theory, particles can radiate and absorb energy and they take place in small chambers. Quantum is nothing but a smallest packet of energy. In the case of light, quantum is referred to as photon and in case of matter, quantum is referred to as particle. Radiation frequency of a particle is directly proportional to quantum energy. 

Photoelectric effects

This characteristic involves electrons that escape from the surface of a material. The surface of a material consists of both positive and negative ions when light smacks on surfaces of metal electrons near-surface of matter absorb more energy. This action results in overcoming the attractions of positive ions. This scenario results in escaping of electrons and gains sufficient energy. Electrons escape from metal surfaces to the surroundings and this phenomenon is known as the photoelectric effect. 

The work function of a photoelectric effect requires minimum energy for ejecting out an electron from a surface of a matter. A Minimum frequency of light that helps in the emission of electrons for the surface of a matter is known as a Threshold frequency. A Minimum wavelength of light that can result in the emission of electrons from the surface of a matter is known as Threshold wavelength. Effects of photoelectric effects include that photoelectric effects are directly proportional to the intensity of light. Below the minimum frequency of threshold frequency, the photoelectric effect is absent. Apart from threshold frequency, Maximum kinetic energy for photoelectron effects or threshold frequency depends on light frequency. When maximum kinetic energy is applied to an anode plate potential energy becomes zero. 

Dual Matter-Quantum Mechanism

Quantum physics is related to the study of particles that are not visible. Quantum mechanism refers to the physical properties of matter at the scale of an atom. Under different circumstances, particles sometimes behave like waves and sometimes behave like particles. This dual nature of particles follows a quantum mechanism.  The duality concept of a Quantum mechanism includes particles that may be identified as either a particle or as a wave. Dual behaviour of a matter refers to material that is at atomic scales sometimes behaves as waves and sometimes behave as particles. According to Planck quantum energy emission or absorption is not continuous. Particles absorb or emit energy as packets of quanta. 

According to Planck’s quantum theory, energy absorption and emission are not continuous and are called quanta. Equation of this theory includes “λ= h/P where the value of h= 6.634 * 10-34 >Jsec”. According to this theory, light falls on the surface and particles gain energy. According to this theory, small units of energy or quantum are directly proportional to frequency radiation. 

Conclusion

It can be concluded that the photoelectric effect is responsible for providing matters of dual nature. The dual nature of matter is referred to as a phenomenon which matter in situational circumstances acts as waves and sometimes appears like particles. Electron emission is referred to the required minimum energy that is required for emitting an electron from the surface of a matter. Electron emission includes three different types such as thermionic emission, field emission and photoelectric emission. Photoelectric effects depend on threshold frequency, threshold wavelengths and work functions. Threshold frequency refers to a minimum frequency of light that helps to emit electrons from the surface and work function refers to minimum energy required for emitting electrons from the surface of a metal.