Location & Distrib of Industries-Textile Industries

Introduction:

For hundreds of years, even before British rule, India has always been famous for its plethora of goods. These majorly included jewels, condiments, and textiles, attracting visitors from all over the globe for trade from ages unknown. At present, the global textile and garment industry has expanded so much that India has become an integral part of many MNCs and domestic companies’ supply chain thanks to its rich resources and less labour costs.

The Ministry Of Textiles

This ministry of the Indian Government takes on the formulation of policy, planning, development, export promotion and regulation of the textile industry in India. Its various components/functions are as follows-

• Cotton Textile Industry
• Jute Industry
• Wool & Woollen Industry
• Silk and Silk Textile Industry
• Man-made Fibre/ Filament Yarn Industry
• Decentralised Powerloom Sector
• Textile Policy & Coordination
• Export Promotion
• Planning & Economic Analysis

The Indian Textile Industry

The Indian Textile and Apparel industry contributes almost 2.3% to the GDP of India, 13% to industrial production and 12% to export earnings. Providing employment to almost 45 million people all over the country, textile continues to be the second-largest employment generating sector of India. Its benchmark rankings in various fields are as follows –

• Ranks first in global jute production and shares 63% of the global textile and garment market
• Ranks second in global textile manufacturing
• Ranks second in silk and cotton production

As of the financial year 2020-2021, the sector wise contributions to exports are as follows-

• Cotton Yarn/ Fabs./Made-ups/Handloom products: 37.7%
• Manmade Yarns/ Fabs./Made-ups: 13.8%
• Handicrafts (excluding carpets): 5.3%
• Carpets: 4.6%
• Jute Mfg. including floor covering: 1.2%
• Readymade garments of all textiles: 37.5%

Structure Of India’s Textile Industry

India’s textile industry consists mainly of small-scale, spinning, weaving, finishing, and apparel-making enterprises. This is a result of government policies promoting labor-intensive, small-scale operations and discrimination against larger scale firms:

• Composite Mills: these account for about 3% of output in the textile sector of India. At present, about 276 composite mills are operational in India, mostly owned by the public sector
• Spinning: Having around 50 million spindles, and 8 lakh installed rotor equipment, India has the second highest spindleage after China. In 2002-03, India’s spinning sector consisted of about 1,146 small-scale independent firms and 1,599 larger scale independent units.
• Weaving and Knitting: India’s weaving and knitting sector is highly fragmented, small-scale, and labor-intensive. It consists of about 3.9 million handlooms, 380,000 “powerloom” enterprises that operate about 1.7 million looms, and just 137,000 looms in the various composite mills. 
• Fabric Finishing: In the fabric finishing or the processing sector, about 2,300 processors are operating in India, including about 2,100 independent units and 200 units that are integrated with spinning, weaving, or knitting units
• Clothing: Clothing/Apparel is produced by about 77,000 small-scale units segregated as domestic manufacturers, manufacturer exporters, and fabricators (subcontractors) in India

Textile Industries By Fabric

Cotton Textile Industry

• In the raw material consumption of the Indian textile industry, cotton alone constitutes about 60% of the total consumption
• In India, majority of the cotton is produced in nine major states, grouped into three zones as-
• Northern Zone – Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan 
• Central Zone – Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
• Southern Zone – Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
• There are at present 1,719 cotton textile mills in the country, out of which 188 mills are in public sector, 147 in cooperative sector and 1,384 in private sector. About three-fourth of them are spinning mills and the remaining one-fourth composite mills

Distribution Of Cotton Textile Industry By State:

1. Maharashtra: Mumbai, Solapur, Pune, Kolhapur, Satara, Wardha, Nagpur, Aurangabad, Amravati, Akola, Sangli, Chaligaon, Miraz, Mander, Jalgaon

2. Gujarat: Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Bharach, Surat, Rajkot, Porbandar, Maurvi, Bhavnagar, Viramgam, Sidhpur, Kelot, Kadi

3. Madhya Pradesh: Gwalior, Ujjain, Indore, Dewas, Ratlam, Jabalpur, Bhopal

4. Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore, Chennai, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tirucchchirappalli, Salem, Perambur, Tuticorin

5. West Bengal: Kolkata, Haora, Murshidabad, Hugli, Sirampur, Shiampur and Panihar

6. Uttar Pradesh: Kanpur, Moradabad, Varanasi, Agra, Bareilly, Aligarh, Modinagar, Saharanpur, Rampur, Etawah, Lucknow, Mirzapur

7. Andhra Pradesh & Telangana: Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Guntur, East Godavari and Udayagiri

8. Kerala: Thiruvananthapuram, Alleppey, Kollam, Trichur, Alwaye.

9. Bihar: Gaya, Patna, Bhagalpur

10. Rajasthan: Pali, Beawar, Vijayanagar, Kishangarh, Ganganagar, Bhilwara, Udaipur, Jaipur, Kota, Ajmer.

11. Punjab: Amritsar, Ludhiana, Phagwara.

12. Haryana: Bhiwani, Hissar, Rohtak.

13. Karnataka: Bangalore, Belgaum, Mangalore, Chitradurga, Devangera, Gulbarga, Chennapatnam, Mysore.

Jute Textile Industry

• India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and also its third largest exporter
• Around 2011, there were about 80 jute mills in India located mainly in West Bengal along the banks of the Hooghly River

Distribution Of Jute Textile Industry By State:

1. West Bengal: Kolkata, Titagarh, Jagatdal, Budge Budge, Haora, Bhadreswar, Bally, Agarpara, Rishra, Serampara, Shibpur, Shyamnagar, Bansbaria, Kankinara, Uluberia, Naihati, Baidyahati 
2. Uttar Pradesh: Kanpur, Gorakhpur, Shahjanwan
3. Chattishgarh: Raigarh
4. Andhra Pradesh: Guntur, Eluru, Ongole, Nelimaria, Chillivelsa, Vizag
5. Orissa: Cuttack

Silk Textile Industry

• India is known to be the only country producing all the five known commercial varieties of silk- Mulberry, Tropical Tasar, Oak Tasar, Eri and Muga
• Its total production is almost about 20% of the world production ranking 2nd after China
• There are almost 90 mills all over country producing silk textiles and most of the production comes from Karnataka, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir

Distribution Of Silk Textile Industry By State:

1. Karnataka: Mysore, Bangalore, Kolar, Mandya, Tumkur, Belgaum and Kodagu
2. West Bengal: Murshidabad, Bankura, Parganas and Birbhum 
3. Jammu and Kashmir: Anantnag, Srinagar, Baramulla, Jammu and Udhampur
4. Bihar: Patna, Gaya and Bhagalpur 
5. Jharkhand: Ranchi, Palamu and Hazaribagh 
6. Chhattisgarh: Bastar, Bilaspur and Surguja districts
7. Uttar Pradesh: Mirzapur, Pratapgarh and Shahjahanpur
8. Punjab: Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur
9. Assam: Goalpara, Kamrup and Nowgong
10. Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Dharmapur, Nilgiris, Salem, Thanjavur and Tirunelveli
11. Maharashtra: Nagpur, Pune, Sangli, Chandrapur and Solapur
12. Gujarat: Porbandar
13. Andhra Pradesh: Chittur, Warangal, Adilabad, Kurnool, Karimnagar, Visakhapatnam and Anantpur
14. Madhya Pradesh: Balaghat

Conclusion:

Therefore we see that India is one of the most powerful powerhouses of the textile industry on a global level, its major exports and production entities being cotton, jute and silk.