OVERVIEW OF TYPES OF ARGUMENTS

The word argument has a different meaning in English grammar. According to English and grammar, an argument is an expression or a syntactic element that always helps in completing the meaning of a verb.

TYPES OF ARGUMENTS:

The types of arguments that are used in our daily life are as follows:

1. Causal argument.
2. Rebuttal argument.
3. Proposal argument.
4. Evaluation argument.
5. Narrative argument.
6. Toulmin argument 
7. Rogerian argument.
8. Classical western argument.

CAUSAL ARGUMENT:

A causal argument is a type of argument that mainly focuses on or tells about how things happened or led to a particular problem. Causal arguments are always useful in answering why and how questions.

REBUTTAL ARGUMENT:

It is a type of argument that is always a contradiction to someone else’s argument. In a rebuttal argument, one attempts to present reasons and also to provide why the argument is not true. In literature, the rebuttal is one in which the writer provides evidence to oppose, disprove or contradict the opposing argument.

CHARACTERISTICS OF STRONG REBUTTAL:

1. The opposing point is that to be provided must be strong, clear and accurate.
2. The reason and evidence used to oppose the viewpoint must be logical.
3. The rebuttal must be given without any personal attack and in a decent and courteous manner.

EXAMPLES OF REBUTTAL:

1. Some of them argue that uniforms would create unity and pride among the students. This is a type of compelling argument. It also undermines the personal creativity and individuality of students.

PROPOSAL ARGUMENT:

The proposal argument is a type of argument that helps in providing a solution or proposing a solution for a problem. It must also outline the details of a proposal and must provide good reasons for supporting that proposal.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PROPOSAL:

1. Abstract/Summary: It is the most important component of the proposal.
2. Statement needed: To explain the issue.
3. Project activity: Methodology and outcomes.
4. Evaluation.
5. Dissemination.
6. Continuation funding and budget.

The proposal argument must be made up of two paragraphs. It provides some background ideas to establish the context in brief.

EVALUATE ARGUMENTS:

It is a type of argument that helps in evaluating whether something is good or bad, harmful or harmless and effective or ineffective. There are three ways to evaluate arguments. They are

1. Aesthetic.
2. Ethical
3. Practical.

EXAMPLES OF EVALUATION ARGUMENTS:

The examples of evaluating arguments start in our day to day life. some of them are

1. What clothes to wear
2. What to make for lunch.
3. What music to hear

NARRATIVE ARGUMENTS:

It is a type of argument that is made by telling a story or narrative. A narrative argument is one in which the narrator shows the story instead of just telling the story. In the narrative argument, the last paragraph always reveals the argument.

TOULMIN ARGUMENT:

The Toulmin argument is a type of argument that can be divided into six components. They are

1. Claim: conclusion of the statements or arguments that the speaker wishes that the audience should believe.
2. Grounds-foundation that is needed for the argument to support our argument.
3. Warrant-it is a type of reasoning that authorizes the leap of inferential from ground to claim.
4. Modality: the certainty with which we support our arguments.
5. Rebuttal-Exception to be provided or offered to the needs or claim.
6. Backing: the support that we provide for our warrant.

WRITING A TOULMIN ARGUMENT ESSAY:

1. Explaining and stating our claim that we are going to argue.
2. Providing evidence to our claim to support our claim.
3. Providing an explanation of how our evidence supports our needs.
4. Also, providing additional proof to support our needs or claims

USES OF TOULMIN ARGUMENTS:

1. The Toulmin argument is very useful in evaluating how each part contributes to our claim.
2. Useful in step by step construction of a logical argument.
3. Useful in analyzing our arguments with a linear structure.
4. Also useful in strengthening and improving the specific weak points in an argument.

ROGERIAN ARGUMENT:

It is a type of argument that is helpful in argumentative reasoning that is useful in establishing a middle ground between parties of opposing viewpoints or goals.

STEPS IN ROGERIAN ARGUMENT:

1. Discuss the issues and context required for the readers to understand.
2. Explaining the views that we oppose.
3. Describing the views.
4. Finding the common base or ground.
5. Offering a compromise.

This is a type of argument that is used in essays such as position papers. The main advantage of the Rogerian argument is that the writer gains more attention from the audience. It is also very helpful in preventing arguments from the opposition.

CLASSICAL WESTERN ARGUMENT:

The classical western argument is a type of argument that consists of five components. They are

1. Exordium:
2. Narratio.
3. Proposito.
4. Partito.
5. Argument.

The classical western argument is one of the oldest types of argument.

PROCESS TO WRITE A CLASSICAL ARGUMENT:

1. Turn the topic into a questions 
2. State an argument. Try to refute it.
3. Briefly try to outline the main or important points.

THREE TASKS IN CLASSICAL WESTERN ARGUMENT:

1. Narration
2. Confirmation.
3. Refutation.

NARRATION:

The speaker or writer will provide a summary of the background information relevant to the argument. Narration will always come with an introduction.

CONFIRMATION:

This is a process in which we provide the supporting evidence for our argument. Stronger the evidence link between the evidence and need more strong is the argument that can be made to support our needs or claims.

REFUTATION:

It is a process in which the opposing claims are provided and addressed. Counterexamples are normally used as the counterargument. This is one of the most important parts of the classical argument.

CONCLUSION:

Thus arguments are one of the most important topics in English grammar. Thus it plays a major role in writing essays of literature, and also it is needed for all to learn to write an essay in a proper way.