Set Theory 

An Overview: Set Theory 

Set theory means the collection of different data to make a group. It deals with descriptive sets of data or objects such as numbers, number of days, students, etc. Each item in the set is called an element. Generally, curly brackets are used to write sets. The concept of set deals with the collection of objects. The collection process is important for classifying, organizing the data which acts as the base for analysis. The set theory was given by a German mathematician Georg Cantor. He was the first one who found out sets while dealing with the problems in trigonometry. We make use of set theory in our day to day lives like a football team, room full of people, etc. 

So in layman’s terms, set theory is a part of mathematics which considers data which are alike. Sometimes it becomes difficult to analyze when the data set is more in number. Proper data of sets helps to apply set theory formula  in the fields kike statistics, probability, etc. So let’s discuss the set theory formula. 

• Set theory Formula 

There is a lot of set theory formula which are me toned below: 

• Commutativity:

• A⋂B = B⋂A 

• A∪B = B∪A

• Associativity:

• A⋂ (B⋂C) = (A⋂B)⋂C

• A∪ (B∪C) = (A∪B)∪C

• Law of Ø and ∪:

• A ⋂ Ø = Ø

• U ⋂ A = A

• A ∪ Ø = A

• U ∪ A = U

• Distributivity: A ⋂(B∪C) = (A ⋂B) ∪ (A⋂C)

• Idempotent Law:

• A ⋂ A = A

• A ∪ A = A

Set theory formula for the groups of A and B 

• If A and P are overlapping set, n(A∪P)=n(A)+n(P)–n(A∩P)

• If A and B are disjoint set, n(A∪B)=n(A)+n(B)

• n(A∪B))=n(A)+n(B)–n(A∩B)

• n(A∪B)=n(A−B)+n(B−A)+n(A∩B)

• n(A−B)+n(A∩B)=n(B)

• n(A−B)+n(A∩B)=n(A)

and another for groups P, Q, C. 

n(P∪Q∪C)=n(P)+n(Q)+n(C)−n(P∩Q)−n(Q∩C)−n(C∩P)+n(P∩Q∩C)

• Goal Setting Theory

Goal setting theory is a type of employment strategy which mainly involves setting up certain measurable tasks or goals to achieve in order to increase productivity. With the help of goal setting theory, one can improve their employee’s performance and productivity along with increasing their engagement in the workplace. So this theory is based on the fact that giving targets to an employee will automatically improve the productivity of that employee which will result in the rapid completion of tasks. These targets are kept measurable and achievable, which means this can be achieved with a bit of hard work as forming very difficult tasks will result in failure. 

This theory was developed by Edwin A. Locke in 1968. He  explained how employees can be kept motivated by setting well defined goals and targets along with constant feedback if they work. Along with measurable and achievable goals, he stated that employees’ productivity will only be increased when they are given more challenging and a bit difficult or complex work than before. With complex and difficult targets, employees will improve their efficiency along with learning new skills and will become adaptive. Feedback in this process is very important to keep the employee, especially positive feedback motivates the employees and forces them to work harder. However, there are certain principles in goal setting theory which are discussed below. 

Agenda Setting Theory 

Agenda setting theory is the power or ability of news media to influence the silence of topics on the public agenda. Which means if a topic is covered in news mostly daily, then the audience or the normal people will consider that as an important matter to discuss or issue. But in actuality, the media only showcase its audience or the normal people what they like to. The agenda setting theory takes place with the help of the accessibility process. The media circulates information which is more relevant and which shows the major issues of the society. There are two levels in the agenda setting theory. 

1. The first level under the agenda setting theory is mainly  used by the media researchers to observe the influence created by the media.

The second level under the agenda setting theory involves focusing on how the public should react about the type and nature of the issue. They use sensationalization of the news so that it will grab the interest of the public.

Conclusion 

Right from set theory to goal setting theory and agenda setting theory. Each and every thing has been discussed in brief.