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Increased CO2 in the atmosphere causes a significant threat to the marine ecosystems due to the formation of carbonic acid by reaction with water. Since the ocean almost absorbs 25% of the CO2 present in the ocean’s surface and leads to the production of carbonic acid.The carbonate system causes numerous problems to the marine ecosystems. It will also reduce the pH, causing the ocean to be acidic. The increased acidity of the ocean will thereby cause problems to marine organisms as well. So the carbonate concentration is a severe threat to the marine ecosystem.
Water and its effects on carbonates
Carbonates are a chemical compound consisting of CO32-anion or salt of carbonic acid. Carbonates are basic in nature and react with water to form carbonic acid. So this will increase the acidity of water to a greater extent.
CO32-+H2OHCO3-+OH-
In this way, carbonic acid is formed, and it will cause the increased acidity of ocean water.
All the carbonates except borates, phosphates, sulphates, chromates, and arsenates are soluble in water. Thus, the increased level of CO2 will create increased production of carbonates in the atmosphere, entering the ocean and disrupting their ecosystem.
Effects of carbonates on Marine system
Ocean acidification thus occurs, which will lead to the reduction of pH value, thereby creating problems for marine ecosystems. And this is due to the increased absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere. It will intensely affect marine organisms, most importantly calcifiers, as their shells get damaged due to the increased acidity of oceans. Furthermore, this increased pH will ultimately affect these organisms’ intracellular and extracellular pH. Carbonate chemistry is important for studying the effects on organisms due to the high concentration. Some reactions of the marine organisms are very sensitive towards the pH, and it will ultimately affect them to a greater extent. Ocean water has become more acidic over the past few years, with a decrease in pH by about 0.0018 in the past 15-30 years.
Carbonates effects on marine organisms
The increased carbonate will cause detrimental effects on marine organisms. The pelagic sea snails and pteropods are especially vulnerable to this. Mass deaths of these snails have also been reported. These organisms are food to fish varieties such as salmon, cod and mackerel, which are of commercial value to humans. Thus, disruption in marine life affects human communities too.
Coral reefs and variation of carbonates
Due to the positive accretion of CaCO3, coral reefs have been reduced so far. Ocean acidification from the increased CO2 Concentration in seawater surface adversely affects the coral reefs, which are crucial in maintaining seawater chemistry. Numerous studies have shown that the increased acidity of ocean water decreased the rate of calcification of coral reefs thereby throwing marine life off balance.
Coral reef conservation programs were introduced in January 2009 and December 2011, to arrest the decline of this critical marine species with enormous economic value.
Variation of carbonates – importance
Carbonates are derived from carbonic acid or carbon dioxide and are very important in the ecosystem. Many carbonates are essential for the well-being of human beings; some of the common carbonates that are very beneficial to human beings are limestone and dolomites. Increases atmospheric CO2causes acidity of marine systems, causing direct harm to the shells of numerous marine species.
Conclusion
Carbonates are very important to maintain an equilibrium with the ecosystem. However, the increased CO2 concentration will cause increased acidity of marine systems. Numerous reports indicate that the increased acidity has a severe impact on marine ecosystems, causing irreversible damage to marine organisms. Reduced pH of marine water affects their extracellular and intracellular processes.
