Introduction
Earth is filled with various minerals, and nearly 3,000 different kinds of minerals are found on the earth’s surface. The study of minerals is known as mineralogy. Some of the popular minerals are chromite, bauxite, feldspar, copper, aluminium and many more.Â
What are Minerals?
Minerals can be defined as naturally occurring substances with a definite chemical composition. They have been formed under very high pressure for thousands of years. Various minerals are extracted by their rock ores mined from the earth. Some of the characteristics of minerals are –
- All minerals are naturally occurring and can be extracted from mines.
- They are solid in natural form.
- They are inorganic, i.e. they are not carbon-based.Â
- All minerals have a crystalline structure.
- They retain their chemical structure throughout their life-cycle.
Examples of MineralsÂ
Here are some of the common minerals which are available in India –
- Manganese
Manganese is among the most used minerals in India. It is generally used to produce stainless steel and many other alloys. Manganese is also used in developing paint pigments used in houses. Besides, it is a major component in the pesticides industry.
- Iron ore
Iron ore is vastly used worldwide for extracting iron and other ferrous minerals. It is used for various purposes, including its utility in manufacturing units, the automobile industry, home appliances, and many more. The magnetic properties of this mineral increase its usability.
- Limestone
Limestone is a non-ferrous mineral generally used in the construction of buildings and different architecture. It is used for the production of cement, toothpaste and paint pigments. Besides, it is a beneficial chemical component used to make lime and other chemical products.
- Thorium
Thorium is a radioactive mineral generally used as a catalyst in industries. Thorium has a good utility since it can be used to produce nuclear power. This energy can fuel many industries and even replace non-renewable energy sources. Thorium is handy when it comes to radiometric dating. It is also used to coat tungsten wire in electrical equipment. Lenses for cameras and scientific devices are made with this material.Â
Extraction of Minerals
Extraction of minerals is time-consuming and laborious, and there are various techniques to do so. These techniques depend on the types of minerals to be extracted.
- Mining
The mining process is carried out for minerals that are below the earth’s surface. There are two types of mining processes, Open-cast mining and Shaft mining. Open-cast mining is the process of extracting minerals from shallow depths of the earth’s surface, while Shaft mining is where deep bores or ‘shafts’ are dug to extract minerals.
- Drilling
Drilling is a process that is generally carried out in oceans and seas. It is an expensive process where deep wells are bored down the ocean surface to extract minerals. It is usually used to extract petroleum and natural gas.Â
- Quarrying Â
Quarrying is an extraction process in which minerals that are available easily on the earth’s surface are taken out. This process is cheaper.
Classification of Minerals
Minerals can be classified into two groups: Metallic and Non-metallic. The major difference between these two types of minerals is that metallic minerals have a shine and lustre while non-metallic minerals are devoid of these properties.Â
- Metallic MineralsÂ
Metallic minerals are made up of metals in their natural state and have a crystalline atomic structure. Ferrous minerals and non-ferrous minerals make up metallic minerals.
- Ferrous Minerals
Ferrous minerals are metallic minerals that contain iron and are often robust and durable. Except for Mercury (Hg), ferrous minerals are primarily found in solid form. The following are India’s key iron ore belts:
- Belt of Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur
- Belt of Ballari, Chitradurga and ChikkamagaluruÂ
- Belt between Maharashtra and Goa
- Belt between Odisha and Jharkhand
     (b) Non-ferrous Minerals
Non-ferrous minerals do not contain iron ore and fall under the category of Minerals and Energy Resources. Copper and bauxite are examples of this kind of mineral. In India:
- Copper is produced in large quantities in the Balaghat mines of Madhya Pradesh and Singhbhum district in Jharkhand.
- The Amarkantak plateau, Maikal Hills, and the Bilaspur-Katni plateau region are the most common non-ferrous mineral deposits.
- Non-Metallic Minerals
Non-metallic minerals are inorganic substances that do not have metallic attributes. These minerals lack metals and a crystalline structure, making them poor electrical conductors. However, their molecules are closely packed inside the atomic structure, giving them the property of being semi-permeable. Coal, petroleum, limestone, and mica are examples of non-metallic minerals. The major deposits of non-metallic minerals in India are found in the northern tip of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. These minerals can be found in rocks that contain calcium carbonates or magnesium carbonates. It is an important raw material for the cement industry and is required for blast-furnace smelting of iron ore.
Conclusion
Minerals play a vital role in human life. Different types of minerals, ferrous or non-ferrous, are useful for various purposes. Cement, ceramics, glass, and lime products are among the most well-known non-metallic minerals goods. The application range of minerals is fairly extensive, encompassing anything from construction materials to sanitary ware to tableware and ornamental items. Metallic minerals have great prominence in machine-manufacturing, chemical and other metal-based industries.
Physical Characteristics of Minerals
- External Crystal Form: Depends on internal arrangement of molecules cube, octahedrons, hexagonal, prisms.
- Cleavage: The tendency to break in specific directions to create relatively flat surfaces. It is a result of internal arrangement of the molecule. The minerals may cleave in one or more directions and at any angle to each other.
- Fracture: Internal molecular arrangement is so complex that there are no planes of molecules; the crystal can split in an irregular way, not along cleavage planes.
- Luster: Appearance of a material regardless of color; each mineral has a distinctive luster like metallic, silky, glossy etc.
- Color: Characteristic color’s determined by molecular structure. Ex: malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite some because of the impurities found in the crystal.
- Streak: The color of every mineral powder. It may be the same colour or may vary as the mineral. Ex. Malachite– green, fluorite–purple/white.
- Transparency: Transparency means the degree to which a mineral can pass light through.
- Opaque: The light is obstructed by the mineral and cannot pass through it.
- Translucent: Light easily passes through the mineral but is diffused so that it is difficult to clearly see images.
- Transparent: Light passes through the mineral and images can be seen clearly.
- Structure: Particular arrangement of the individual crystals: fine, medium, or coarse grained; fibrous separable divergent and radiating.
- Hardness: Relative resistance being scratched.
- Absolute hardness measured by a sclerometer.
- 10 minerals are selected to measure the degree of hardness from 1-10.
- Those 10 minerals are: –Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Feldspar, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum and Diamond.
- Specific Gravity: It is the ratio of the weight of an object to the weight of an equivalent volume of water; the object was weighed in air and then weighed in water and the weight of the object in air was divided by the difference between the two weights.
Types of Minerals
- Metallic minerals: Metallic Minerals are metals that are hard substances and conduct heat and electricity with characteristics of luster or shine. For example, Gold, Silver, Tin, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Iron, Nickel, Chromium and Aluminum. Characteristics of Metallic Minerals are:
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- Metallic Minerals present a metallic shine in their appearance
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- Contains metals in their chemical composition
- Potential source of the metal ores that can be extracted by way of mining
- Metallic minerals contain metal in raw form
- Metallic minerals are further classified into Ferrous and Nonferrous metallic minerals
- Ferrous Minerals are those minerals which contain Iron. Ferrous minerals account for about three fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. Examples of ferrous minerals are Iron ore, Manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc
- Non-ferrous minerals are those minerals which do not contain Iron. Examples of non-ferrous minerals are Copper, lead, tin, bauxite, etc
- Precious metallic minerals are Gold, silver, platinum, etc
- Non-metallic minerals: Non-metallic minerals are a specific group of chemical elements from which, if melted, no new product can be produced. For instance, gravel, sand, gypsum, dimension stone, halite, Uranium. Characteristics of Non-metallic Mineral Resources:
- Non-metallic minerals are minerals which either present a non-metallic shine or luster in their appearance
- These minerals do not contain extractable metals in their chemical composition
- Some examples of Non-metallic minerals are Mica, salt, potash, Sulphur, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, etc
Energy Minerals: Energy minerals are raw materials used in the energy industry. Examples of Energy minerals are oil, petroleum, natural gas, bituminous sandstone and limestone, oil shale, coal, lignite, peat, thorium, uranium.