Theory of Causation

Theory of Causation, often known as causality, refers to the ability of one variable to impact another. The first variable can either cause the second variable to exist or cause the incidence of the second variable to fluctuate. Causation is sometimes misunderstood with correlation, reflecting the degree to which two variables tend to rise or fall in tandem. Correlation, on the other hand, does not indicate causality. A third element, for example, maybe to blame for the variations in both variables. A causal link between the tortfeasor’s action or the occurrence for which he is accountable and the injury is widely believed to be an essential condition of his responsibility. According to the concept of liability, the tortfeasor is only responsible for the harm he has caused.

What is meant by Causation?

Theory of Causation is a hot issue in various areas for reasons other than its philosophical appeal. The availability of information on the social world increased in the second half of the twentieth century, as did the rise of statistics and the disciplines it permits. This led, at first, to the hope of much better policy and individual choice through analysis of all this data, then, particularly in the early twenty-first century, to the arrival of potentially beneficial artificial intelligence that could achieve yet another step-change in the same direction. Using data to guide goal-directed activity appears to need more than simple extrapolation or projection. It frequently seems to need some understanding of the situation’s causal character.

Aristotle’s Perspective on Causation

For the first time in human cognition, Aristotle offered a theory of causation that included components from numerous philosophers of his day. He confirmed becoming, stating that change is not a mirage but something humans encounter in nature. Reality isn’t something that happens to you; it’s an experience you have. Humans may rely on their perceptions; it is the only way to make sense of reality. Aristotle initially offered this notion of causation as a method of comprehending human perception of the physical world. There may be several reasons, but there is only one final cause, teleology, which is the basic source of becoming. The one overarching cause of change is thus teleology. Everything, according to Aristotle, has a basic source of being, and everything tends towards some goal or shape. In Aristotle’s concept of causation, all other becoming sources, whether formal, efficient or material, are subservient to the overarching teleological movement. Aristotle identified various sources of being that are subordinate to the overall teleological movement. Formal cause: This is the human perception of the phenomenon’s shape as it progresses toward its final form. Effective cause: Following that, Aristotle identified a cause called efficient causality. Humans here go through a transformation in what came before the current situation. Significant reason: Finally, Aristotle discussed what has become known as “material cause.” Because one source of becoming is the substance from which a thing is produced, humans experience change as they do here.

Prime Theories of Crime Causation

The five hypotheses or theories of crime causation are as follows:

1. Theoretical Framework of Unified Social Control.
2. Strain hypothesis of criminal behaviour.
3. Conflict theory.
4. Theories of disorganisation and social integration.
5. Theories of subcultures.

Theoretical Framework of Unified Social Control

According to the notion, persons who feel linked to their community are less likely to commit a crime since they have greater ties and commitments. Because they have fewer relationships and obligations, those who feel alienated from their community are more prone to commit crimes.

Strain hypothesis of criminal behaviour

According to simple strain theorists, people commit crimes because the “stresses of existence” have become too great for them to bear. According to a more complicated strain hypothesis, a person may resort to crime due to unfair treatment or uneven opportunity.

Conflict theory

According to his method of understanding society, riches lead to power, and power leads to greater wealth. On the other hand, Weber highlighted political, cultural, and religious elements that led to social inequality.

Theories of disorganisation and social integration

In his studies on white-collar crime, Edwin Sutherland was one of the first scholars to focus on the relationship between crime and social structures. Sutherland stated that poverty and subcultures are sources of social disorder in society, contributing to crime and delinquency.

Theories of subcultures

In explaining personality and personality disorders, characteristic personality theories have grown less prevalent over time than personality variables. This is not to say that personality qualities aren’t significant in criminology.

Conclusion

Theory of Causation is a relationship that arises between two temporally contemporaneous or sequential occurrences when the first (the cause) produces the second (the effect) (the effect). Unlike the concepts of continuity and succession, however, the concept of necessary connection is subjective in the definition that it emanates from the deception of reflecting objects or any events that you have encountered as being constantly conjoined and succeeding one another in a certain order, rather than from any observable properties in the objects or events themselves. This principle serves as the foundation for Hume’s basic induction dilemma. Hume’s concept of causation demonstrates a “regularity” analysis. Other analyses can be manipulation analysis, counterfactual analysis, as well as probabilistic analysis.