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Among the various schemes are Ayushman Bharat, Prime Minister Awaas Yojana – Gramin, Schemes for Unemployed Women, Atal Pension Yojana, Social security relief to families of workers who died as a result of COVID-19, Support for Marginalised Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise, and others.
Jawahar Rojgar Yojna
Jawahar Rozgar Yojna was established on April 1, 1989, by combining the National Rural Employment Program (NREP) and the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Program (RLEGP). At the end of the Seventh Five-Year Plan, this was a synthesis of previous employment programmes, and it was India’s largest National Employment Program at the time, with a broad goal of providing 90-100 days of employment per individual, particularly in backward districts. The primary goals were to help people living in poverty.
In rural areas, the Yojna was implemented on a small scale. Panchayati Raj Institutions were supposed to be present in every village. The village received assistance and support from the District Rural Development Authority. The federal and state governments split expenditures 80:20. Since 1993-94, the Yojna has become more targeted and has grown significantly as a result of increased funding allocations. It was divided into three sections:
The First Stream: This includes both the overall work of JRY and two sub-schemes, Indira Awas Yojna and Million Wells Scheme. This stream received 75% of the total budget. During that time, the Indira Awas Yojna allocation was increased from 6% to 10%, while the Million Wells Scheme allocation was increased from 20% to 30%.
Second Stream: This programme, also known as strengthened JRY, was implemented in 120 underserved districts. It received a 20% allocation.
Third Stream: A 5% allocation was left for innovative projects such as labour migration prevention, drought proofing watersheds, and so on.
Since April 1, 1999, this Yojna has been superseded by the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna. On September 25, 2001, the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna was merged with the Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna. India’s unemployment rate has risen, particularly during the pandemic. As a result, there has been a recession, slowed economic growth, and fewer opportunities for job creation in the market. The government created a slew of social programmes in an effort to reduce unemployment and increase job creation.
TRYSEM:
TRYSEM is a programme that aims to teach rural poor people aged 18 to 35 basic technical and entrepreneurial skills, allowing them to engage in income-generating activities (self/wage employment). It was decided that at least 50% of rural children should be educated, with the exception of those from SC/ST groups. Women should receive at least half of all benefits. The plan was incorporated into the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY), which included IRDP, DWCRA, and other programmes, beginning in April 1999.
(a) Beneficiary’s socioeconomic circumstances
The 60 recipients included 49 men (81.66 percent) and 11 women (18.33 percent). Women participated the least in all three sample zones, North Bihar, Central Bihar, and Jharkhand. Only four beneficiaries (6.66 percent) were illiterate, while 56 (93.33 percent) were literate. There are 56 literate people. 35.71% had matriculation-level education, while 50.0 percent had matriculation-level education but no bachelor’s degree. In addition, 14.28 percent of those polled had a bachelor’s degree or higher. The illiteracy rate was higher in Jharkhand, with 20.0 percent of the scheme’s beneficiaries being illiterate. And, of the remaining literate population, 25.0 percent had only primary education, 35.0 percent had matriculation and above but had not yet graduated, and 35.0 percent had matriculation and above but had not yet graduated. 20.0 percent had a bachelor’s degree or higher.
Only 6.66% of the 60 recipients were agricultural labourers, 8.33% were non-agricultural casual labourers, 51.66% were non-agricultural self-employed, 1.66% were artisans, and 3.33 percent were others.
Small farmers and non-agricultural self-employed people, particularly minorities, benefited the most from the programme. As a result, SCs benefited the most from the IRDP, followed by OBC groups. According to the concept, liberated bonded labourers and assignees of surplus land would be given priority. However, only one recipient (1.66 percent) was freed bonded labour, and no one was a surplus land assignee. The remaining 59 were accounted for by other groups (98.33 percent).
There was not a single scheme beneficiary who earned less than Rs. 6401. 7 (11.66%) beneficiaries received an income of Rs. 6401-11000, 7 (11.66%) received an income of Rs. 11001-16000, and 14 (23.33%) received an income of Rs. 16001-21000. 19 (31.66% of the beneficiaries) earned more than Rs. 21000 but less than Rs. 32000. And 13 (21.66 percent) of the recipients earned more than Rs. 32000 per year.
(a) The economic structure and viability of the scheme
In the Jharkhand region, 50 (83.33 percent) of beneficiaries were trained over a six-month period, while 10 (16.66 percent) were trained over three months. Beneficiaries were taught typing, bidding, pumpset repair, electrical work, sheet metal, grill welder, radio mechanic, veterinary compounder, tractor repair, readymade clothes, and carpentry, among other things.
Conclusion:
This was the reason for the poor performance. Unsatisfactory performance was attributed by 11 (18.33 percent) beneficiaries to a lack of seriousness among authorities, particularly trainers. Two (3.33 percent) beneficiaries claimed that the programme was nothing more than a piece of paper. Only three (5.0%) of the beneficiaries were aware that they would be unable to benefit from the course due to other obligations. As a result, they had no idea about the course.
