Ruminant nutrition

Ruminants are animals having a unique gastroenterological tract that allows them to digest plant materials and chew their cud back. Ruminants have a four-chambered stomach, the reticulum, the rumen, the omasum, and the abomasum.

The rumen is possibly the most important. It is the primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption. The rumen’s incredible absorption capacity is due to its multiple finger-like projections called papillae, which enhance its surface area and allow for higher absorption capacity.

To understand what is ruminant nutrition, we have to comprehend the entire ruminant process and how it works.

Ruminants and Energy

In ruminant nutrition, energy requirements are provided primarily by generating volatile fatty acids or VFA’s. VFA’s are produced by the microorganisms that dwell in the rumen in a symbiotic relationship with the host or ruminant animal. This symbiotic relationship benefits both the animal and the microorganism. 

On the one hand, microorganisms benefit from living in a warm, moist nutrient-rich environment, while on the other hand, these microbes break down feed and convert it into VFA’s and microbial protein, providing high-quality nutrition for ruminants. 

These microorganisms aid the host by providing a high-quality protein source along with vitamin B and K on dying, reducing the ruminant’s dependency on external supplements. These dead microorganisms eventually become the ruminant’s primary source of protein. Protein makes up around 65% of the bugs. They enter the small intestines and provide a significant source of protein for ruminant animals.

Some Animals Requiring Ruminant Nutrition

There are above 150 species of ruminants. Some animals that come in the category of ruminant nutrition are:

• Cattle
• Giraffe
• Goats
• Sheep
• Water buffalo
• Reindeer
• Moose
• Domestic yak
• Elk
• Red deer
• Musk ox
• Gaur
• Mountain goat
• Blackbuck
• Chital
• Nyala
• Waterbuck

Forage quality in ruminant nutrition

Forage quality is a wider term that includes not only forage nutrition value but also forage intake and how palatable that forage is. In ruminant nutrition, forage quality is a better indicator of the forage’s prospective feeding value than forage nutrients alone.

The quality of fodder consumed by ruminant animals should be sufficient to meet each of their specific requirements. As the forage is mature, the fiber fraction increases and the material becomes less digestible and passes through the rumen more slowly, and the animal can consume less. Starch and sugar get absorbed rapidly within a few hours, whereas high-fiber forages take 24 to 48 hours to digest. 

Digestibility is inversely related to fiber percentage, while forage maturity is inversely related to protein value. The amount of crude protein in forage decreases as it matures.

The forage quality can be managed to improve the requirements in ruminant animals in the following ways:

• The essential thing we can regulate to improve fodder quality is the maturity of the forage at the time of grazing.
• While maintaining forage quality and making planting decisions based on ruminant nutrition requirements, forage species and variety should be considered.
• To fulfill the nutritional requirements of the animals, rotational grazing or strip grazing should be used to control the stage of forage growth.

Ruminant nutrition examples

Here are some examples of nutrition requirements for different ruminants:

Cattle

• The nutritional requirements of mature bulls and dry cows are the lowest of any cattle variety. A forage with 50% of TDN [total digestible nutrients] and 9% crude protein would be ideal for this type of cattle.

• In growing heifers and yearling bulls, the nutrient requirements are higher than old mature cattle. They require forage with 65% TDN [total digestible nutrients] and a crude protein content of 12%.

• Stocker’s calf has the highest nutritional needs, requiring 70% or more TDN [total digestible nutrients] and 16% crude protein. 

Sheep

Sheep require pasture with higher overall quality than cattle, requiring 55% TDN [total digestible nutrients] and 9.5% of crude protein.

Goat

Because goats have a small digestive tract, they require higher-quality ruminant forage than cattle. Meat goats require nutrients for body maintenance, growth, reproduction, and the production of other products such as milk, meat, and hair.

The key elements necessary for ruminant nutrition

Some of the essential nutrients for ruminant animals are:

• Crude protein
• Energy in the form of fiber
• Fat (added as supplement fat)
• Water-soluble vitamins and minerals
• carbohydrates
• Water

Maintaining oxidant and antioxidant balance is critical for ruminant reproduction health as well as the quality of their products. Calcium and Phosphorus are also vital for the formation of the skeleton, muscle control, and energy in some ruminants. Ruminant animals also get nutrition from cereals like corn or sorghum. Supplement feed is used to manage nutrient deficiency when forage is not meeting ruminant nutrition requirements perfectly.

Conclusion

In modern productive systems, the utilization of key micronutrients and particular feed additives in ruminant nutrition is required for maximum productivity and animal health.

Improved nutrient utilization must not compromise animal health or welfare and should not be based solely on lowering feed costs. The correct levels of micronutrients for physiological functions such as oxidation control and skeletal health are critical to the animal’s efficient nutrient utilization.

However, there have been significant advancements in feed additives that enhance processes like rumen fermentation, digestion, and metabolism. Learning further about what is Ruminant Nutrition through other academic books will boost your overall understanding of the topic.