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Introduction
Fringe Width is obtained from Young’s double-slit experiment. Physicist Thomas Young first performed this experiment in 1801. It demonstrates that light has both wave and particle nature, which is inseparable. Furthermore, the light has wave-particle duality, rather than only a wave or particle. So, to perform this experiment, a double-slit is required, and light is required(maybe laser). When this experiment was performed, bright lines and dark lines showed up. From there, the concept of fringe width came into the light. Then the expression for fringe width was derived. So, let us discuss more to understand Young’s double-slit experiment, Fringe width, the expression for fringe width, and position of bright fringes.
What is Young’s Double-Slit Experiment?
Young’s Double-Slit Experiment is a quantum mechanics experiment. In 1801, Thomas Young performed an experiment in which he made a small hole in cardboard and passed the light from that tiny hole. As the light passes through the hole, it falls upon the cardboard with two small holes of dark and bright spots. The bright (constructive fringe) and dark (destructive fringe) come from here. Fringe Width is the interference pattern of dark and bright fringe, which are parallel. The experiment was first performed by using light. And it also displays the nature of quantum mechanical phenomena. The change in path length of both waves results in path shift and creates an interference pattern.
What is Fringe Width?
The distance between two consecutive bright(constructive fringe) and dark(destructive fringes) is Fringe Width. The fringe formed at the centre is known as the bright central fringe. All the fringes are of equal length, and hence, the distance between them is also equal, and so is the position of bright fringes. The fringe width depends on the wavelength of light, the distance between the slits, and slits separation. The bright(constructive interference )fringes are at maximum intensity, and the dark(destructive) fringes are at minimum intensity. When the distance between the bright(constructive interference) fringe and the dark fringe remains constant throughout, it is known as linear fringe width.
And therefore, the ratio of fringe width for bright to dark fringe is 1. It is denoted by β.
Expression For Fringe Width
Path difference between the lights from two slits, S1 and S2, respectively and reaching to the point P on the screen is yD/d
yD/d = nλ
y = nλd/D
Thus, the fringe width β = D/dλ.
Displacement Infringes
If in the path of one of the sources, a material of thickness ‘t’ and refractive index ‘r’ is introduced, then optical path difference changes, and a fringe shift occurs.
What is a Fringe Shift?
When the phase relationship between the source component is changed, then there is a change of behaviour pattern of fringe, and that behaviour change is known as fringe shift.
On a viewing surface, the interaction alternates between constructive and destructive interference, causing alternate dark and light lines.
Fringe width when the experimental setup is placed in water
If the fringes are measured in the water, the fringe width will be narrower because, in water, the wavelength of light is less. Thus, the fringe will decrease. This is the reason why this experiment is performed in air.
Fringe width is given by β = D/dλ.
The angular width, ϴ = λd = βD.
Fringe shape in Young’s experiment with two slits
The shape of the fringe varies on the position and orientation of the screen, according to a careful investigation of the interference of fringes in Young’s double-slit experiment. The shape of fringes is hyperbolic on a screen placed parallel in position to the plane having the coherent sources, considering the path difference between the interfering waves of visible light and understanding that fringes are actually of straight lines.
What are the path differences and phase differences?
The distance travelled by the two waves is known as path difference(λ). The difference in the phase angle of two waves is known as phase difference. For a complete wave, the wavelength varies is λ, and the phase is changed through 2p. The path difference is directly proportional to the phase difference.
If the path difference is x, then
Phase difference= 2πλ * x
Phase difference = 2πλ * path difference
Position of Bright Fringes
For maximum intensity or bright fringe to be formed at P
Path difference, Δz = nλ (n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .)
i.e., xd/D = nλ
or
x = nλD/d
The nth brilliant fringe’s distance from the centre is
xn = nλD/d
Similarly, the (n-1)th brilliant fringe’s distance from the centre is
x (n-1)= (n -1)λD/d
Fringe width, β = xn – x (n-1) = nλD/d – (n -1)λD/d = λD/d
(n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .)
Position of the bright fringe if the wavelength is changed
The position of the bright fringe depends on the wavelength. The position of the bright central fringe does not change. This is because it depends on the path difference between the two wavelets, the position will remain the same, but the position of the other bright points will change on lowering the wavelength of the light.
X = n λD/d
Where,
λ is the wavelength
D is the separation between screen and slit
d is the distance between the slits.
The distance between central bright and another bright will be small for lower wavelengths. And the distance between them will be bigger for higher wavelengths.
Conclusion
The purpose of this experiment was to know the screen results behind the slits. Young’s double-slit experiment proves that whatever passes through the two slits is a wave, exhibiting the interference. This experiment displays quantum mechanics very clearly. The experiment represents that light behaves like waves and particles. But, we don’t know the exact position of quantum entities; we know the probability of their existence. The intensity of fringes decreases as they get away from central maxima. The experiment can also be performed with three slits. Young’s double-slit experiment produces alternate bright and dark fringes if three slots are employed.
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