Rat-Hole Mining in Uttarakhand Tunnel Rescue

Why in News:

• Rescue operations in Uttarakhand’s Silkyara-Barkot tunnel are considering rat-hole mining due to challenges with machine drilling.

Rat-Hole Mining: 

• Definition: A technique used to extract coal from narrow, horizontal seams, named for the small-sized pits resembling rat holes.
• Process: Miners descend into these pits, often just wide enough for one person, using ropes or ladders. Coal is manually extracted with basic tools like pickaxes.

Safety and Environmental Concerns:

• Hazards: Lack of regulation and safety measures, including proper ventilation and structural support.
• Environmental Impact: Causes land degradation, deforestation, and water pollution.
• Criticism: Known for hazardous working conditions and environmental damage. Accidents often result in injuries and fatalities.

Legal Status:

• Ban by NGT: Banned in 2014 due to safety and environmental concerns, particularly in Meghalaya.
• State Appeal: Meghalaya government appealed the ban in the Supreme Court.

Application in Rescue Operation:

• Expertise Utilized: Experienced rat-hole miners from Jhansi are aiding in the rescue by manually digging through debris.
• Challenges: The process can be time-consuming, especially if rocks are present in the debris.