Chemistry

There is a need for learners to have a strong fundamental concept in Chemistry so that they are prepared to face the academic and the professional demands. Thus, given below is a module regarding the compiled Chemistry syllabus for the academic year 2022-23 for the reference of the candidate. 

Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 

• General Introduction-
  • Nature of Matter
  • Importance and Scope of Chemistry
  • Laws of Chemical Combination
• Dalton’s atomic theory
  • Atoms and Molecules
  • Concept of Elements
  • Calculations Based on Stoichiometry
  • Mole Concept and Molar Mass
  • Atomic and Molecular Masses
  • Empirical and Molecular Formula
  • Percentage Composition
  • Stoichiometry 
  • Chemical Reactions

Unit II: Structure of Atom 

• Proton and Neutron
• Discovery of Electron
• Isotopes and Isobars
• Atomic Number
• Rutherford’s Model and its Limitations
• Thomson’s Model and its Limitations
• Concept of Shells and Subshells
• Bohr’s Model and its Limitations
• De Broglie’s relationship
• Dual Nature of Matter and Light
• Concept of Orbitals
• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
• Shapes of s, p and d Orbitals
• Quantum Numbers
• Aufbau Principle
• Rules for Filling Electrons in Orbitals 
• Electronic Configuration of Atoms
• Pauli’s Exclusion Principle And Hund’s Rule
• Completely Filled Orbitals
• Stability of Half-Filled 

Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

• Brief History Of The Development Of Periodic Table
• Significance Of Classification
• The Present Form Of Periodic Table
• Modern Periodic Law 
• Nomenclature Of Elements With Atomic Number Greater Than 100
• Periodic Trends In Properties Of Elements –
  • Atomic Radii
  • Valency
  • Inert Gas
  • Ionic Radii
  • Radii
  • Electron Gain Enthalpy
  • Ionization Enthalpy
  • Electronegativity

Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 

• Ionic Bond
• Valence Electrons
• Bond Parameters
• Covalent Bond
• Polar Character of Covalent Bond
• Lewis’s Structure
• Valence Bond Theory
• Covalent Character of Ionic Bond
• The geometry of Covalent Molecules
• Resonance
• Concept of Hybridization
• VSEPR Theory
• Shapes of some Simple Molecules
• Involving s, p and Orbitals 
• Hydrogen Bond
• Molecular Orbital Theory of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules (Qualitative Idea Only)

Unit VI: Chemical Thermodynamics 

• • Concepts of Systems and types of systems
  • Surroundings
  • Heat
  • Work
  • Extensive And Intensive Properties
  • Energy
  • State Functions
  • The first law of thermodynamics –

• Heat capacity and specific heat

• • Internal energy and enthalpy
  • Hess’s law of constant heat summation
  • Measurement of ΔU and ΔH
  • Combustion
  • Enthalpy Of Bond Dissociation
  • Atomization
  • Formation
  • Phase Transition 
  • Sublimation
  • Solution 
  • Ionization
  • Dilution

• • The second law of Thermodynamics (brief introduction)

• Gibb’s Energy Change For Spontaneous 

• Introduction Of Entropy As A State Function

• Criteria For Equilibrium

• Non-Spontaneous Processes

• Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction)

Unit VII: Equilibrium 

• Dynamic Nature Of Equilibrium
• Equilibrium In Physical And Chemical Processes
• Equilibrium Constant
• Law Of Mass Action
• Factors Affecting Equilibrium – 
  • Le Chatelier’s principle

• Ionic Equilibrium- 
  • Strong and Weak Electrolytes
  • Ionization of Acids And Bases
  • Ionization of Polybasic Acids
  • Degree of Ionization
  • Concept of pH
  • Acid Strength
  • Buffer Solution
  • Hydrolysis of Salts (Elementary Idea)
  • Solubility Product
  • Henderson Equation
  • Common Ion Effect (With Illustrative Examples)

Unit VIII: Redox Reactions 

• Redox Reactions
• Concept of Oxidation and Reduction
• Balancing Redox Reactions
• Oxidation Number
• Applications of Redox Reactions
• In Terms of Loss and Gain of Electrons and Change in Oxidation Number

Unit XII: Organic Chemistry -Some Basic Principles and Techniques 

• • Methods of Purification
  • General Introduction
  • Classification and Iupac Nomenclature of Organic Compounds. 
  • Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
  • Electronic Displacements in a Covalent Bond-

• Electromeric effect

• • Inductive effect
  • Hyperconjugation
  • Resonance 

• Homolytic and Heterolytic Fission of a Covalent Bond
  • Carbocations
  • Carbanions
  • Free Radicals
  • Nucleophiles
  • Electrophiles
  • Types of Organic Reactions

Unit XIII: Hydrocarbons 

• Classification of Hydrocarbons 
  • Aliphatic Hydrocarbons-
    • Alkanes – Nomenclature, conformation (ethane only), isomerism, physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis 
    • Alkenes – Nomenclature, geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation,  the structure of double bond (ethene) 
    • Chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, water, halogen, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), oxidation, ozonolysis, mechanism of electrophilic addition
    • Alkynes – Nomenclature, the structure of triple bond (ethyne), methods of preparation, physical properties
    • Chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of – hydrogen, hydrogen halides, halogens, and water
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    • Introduction
    • IUPAC nomenclature
    • Benzene-
      • Resonance
      • Aromaticity
    • Chemical Properties-
      • Mechanism Of Electrophilic Substitution.
      • Nitration
      • Sulphonation
      • Halogenation
    • Friedel Craft’s Alkylation
    • Acylation
    • Directive Influence of The Functional Group in Monosubstituted Benzene. 
    • Carcinogenicity and Toxicity