National Parks in India

A place recognized by the Government that provides a natural habitat to the animals and provides them with protection from illegal killings is known as National Park. 

As a kid, we all got excited when we heard our parents are going to take us to the Zoo or any National Park in India. The excitement was solemn because we knew we would get to see different species of animals and birds there. In addition, we would get to see the habitat in which they survive. The animals that we had seen in textbooks under the “Wildlife” section. These trips were considered a haven for us, as a child. 

However, the National Parks in India are the havens for the animals in them. The animals in these National Parks are safe from the selfish means of many humans. They live a life, which is similar to that of their life in Forests and other habitual areas. They can roam around freely- there are no prescribed restrictions on their movements. The resources and landscapes in these regions are protected by the Government and Ministries. 

Therefore, National Parks for education, preservation, natural environment, entertainment, and enjoyment of the people in the Society. It is a fixed area owned by the Government; the boundaries of these areas are well protected and preserved by the respective authorities. 

Impacts of Development on Animals?

In today’s generation, Development and Growth are the primary conditions for a Country to shine in the World. The generation that uses a maximum of its utilities in the Liberation, Privatization, Urbanization, and Globalization processes. Nations and states around the World are eagerly and enthusiastically trying to develop themselves into a better place to live in. With the increasing population around the world, the need for a House has also increased. This need is fulfilled with the construction of houses around the habitat of animals. Hence, the living conditions of animals in a region can be affected in two ways- direct and indirect. 

The construction of new factories in remote areas, no doubt, develops the Nation and the people- increasing employment opportunities, imports, exports, etc. This directly affects the Wildlife or Animal life in a region. 

On the other hand, human activities indirectly affect the Wildlife or Animal life of a region. Human recreational activities can have an impact on Wildlife conditions. 

What is the need for having National Parks? 

National parks are an important asset for a country, in terms of profit, education, and recreation. However, these parks have certain fixed objectives. These objectives are:

• Protection and preservation of Ecosystem
• Preservation of Natural Resources
• Ecological Development
• Preservation of Wildlife or different species
• Conservation of species that are on the verge of extinction
• National Parks are protected by the government from exploitation by the hands of humans and the harmful effects of industrialization.

Let us look at some facts about the National Parks in India

National Parks in India

The first National Park to be established in India is Corbett National Park, in 1935. Initially, it was named Hailey National Park, situated in Uttarakhand. Later, it was named after the wildlife lover Jim Corbett. Here comes the main question- How many National Parks in India are there? Currently, there are 106 National Parks in India.

All these Nationals Parks cover an area of approximately 1.33% of the total geographical area of the country. Now, let us look into some facts:

• Madhya Pradesh has the highest number of National Parks in India– i.e., 10. The names of these parks are Kanha National Park, Kuno National Park, Sanjay National Park, Madhav National Park, Panna National Park, Satpura National Park, Pench National Park, Fossils National Park, Van Vihar National Park, and Bandhavgarh National Park. 
• Andaman & Nicobar Island has the second-highest number of National Parks in India– i.e., 5. The names of these National Parks are Marine National Park, Galathea National Park, North and South Button National Park, Middle Button National Park, Saddle National Park, Rani Jhansi National Park, and Mount Harriet National Park. 
• The largest National Park in India is Hemis National Park, which is situated in the Ladakh region. 
• The smallest National Park in India is the South Button National Park, which is situated in the Andaman & Nicobar Island. 
• The most visited National Park in India is the Sunderban National Park, which is situated in West Bengal. 

Let us have a visual representation of the National Parks with the help of the National Parks of India Map

What is Nuclear RNA capping?  

The term “Capping” is considered to be the ultimate modification that is being prepared to RNA “polymerase II-transcribed RNA” and it especially takes place “co-impersonate” in the centre instantly as the earliest “25-30 nts” are being assimilated into the budding transcript. The three synthetically actions are essential for generating the “cap 0 structure” like “RNA guanylyltransferase”, “guanine-N7 methyltransferase” and “RNA triphosphates”. Every single of these protein actions executes a crucial footstep in the transformation of the “5 trisphosphates of nascent RNA” into the “cap 0 structure”. The RNA “GTPase” detaches the “Y-phosphate” from the entire “5 triphosphates” for generating the “5 diphosphate RNA” through a single “lysine-GMP covalent” halfway. The “guanine-N7 GMTase” further adds the methyl category to the “N7 amine” of the cap of the guanine from the “cap 0 structure”. In addition, the “m5g-specific 2 ‘0 methyltransferase ethylated the +1 rib nucleotide at the” 2’ 0 “situation of the particular ribose for generating the “cap 1 structure”.

What is the capping amount? 

In molecular biology, the “capping amount” refers to the quantity of the first footstep of the “capping”, the process of “pre-mRNA” which further results in the “5′-RNA cap”. It is needed for the export, stability, spicing, and translation of the mRNA. It is functionally combined to the transcription by the polymerase RNA II, but the mechanism of combining remains ambiguous. The well-organized binding of enzymes of the capping for transcribing the “phosphorylated yeast Poll II (Pol IIp) ” needs the nascent RNA along with the unprocessed “5′-trisphosphate” end. The reproducing of the “Pol IIp-CE” compound catalyzes the earliest two footsteps of “capping” and it is examined by the protein cross-linking, mass spectrometry. The “cryo-electron microscopy” revealed that the subatomic combined transcription is based on “pre-mRNA” capping.  Thus the “RNA5′” end activates its own “capping” during the time of emerging from “Pol II” for ensuring seamless “RNA” defending from the “5′-exonucleases” at the time of early transcription.

What is the purpose of capping? 

In the specific cell of eukaryotes, the capping of ” 5’mRNA” ends is a crucial modification of the structure which allows the efficient “mRNA translation”, directs the splicing of pre-mRNA and the mRNA transports from the centre of the nucleolus that limits the degradation of the mRNA by the cellular “5′-3′ exonucleases” and permits the identification of the foreign “RNAs” as “non-self”. Notwithstanding the multiple viruses that have developed the multiple mechanisms for protecting their “RNA-5 ends” along with the cap moiety or the ionic bond that attached the peptide, which is identical from the multiple cellular “mRNA cap structures”. The multiple viral “RNA caps” can be flinched from the synthesized or the cellular mRNAs by using host or “Virus-encoded capping” equipment. Moreover, these multiple capping united exhibit a large diversity in the entire, mechanism, structure and organization.

“Unconventional cap synthesis pathways” 

The initial symptom that this consists of various differences from “conventional RNA- capping” passage for the various “viral mRNAs” which came in between “1970s”, on every side during the invention of the specific “RNA cap structure”. Although the “alphaviruses” do not extend further than incorporating a “cap-0 structure”, the main fact that divides the multiple “biosynthetic pathways” assembles the “consensus cap structures”. It creates the “proper selective pressure” for maintaining the inflated structure. 

The “Mononegavirales RNA-capping pathway”:

The “Mononegavirales” is considered to be a variable order for “(ss [-] RNA) viruses” along with the “multiple unregimented genomes”, namely rabies virus and VSV, the Marburg, the borne virus, and the Ebola viruses. These kinds of viruses translate a “multifunctional L protein” which carries “RNA- dependent RNA polymerase” and the “cap synthesis” activities regarding multiple RNAs. these kinds of enzymes have developed unconventionally from the various other known “eukaryotic cap- synthesizing” catalysts, “the L-proteins of VSV88,89”, the “spring viremia” of “carpvirus90”, the “human respiratory” “syncytial virus91’” and the “chandipura virus92” exports the “GDP rather than GMP” of “the RNA 5′ end”. The “capping reaction” appears to be reliant on the “RNA length”, which indicates a conceivable arrangement of spatial in the “Lprotein98”. 

The “RNA-capping pathway of the alphaviruses namely toga virus”:

The multiple “ss+RNA alphaviruses” include the chikungunya virus, the “Semliki Forest virus”, and the “Sindbis virus synthesis”.

Conclusion 

“Capping” is an integral part of molecular biology. It involves the various processing of mRNAs. It is functionally combined with the multiple transcriptions by “RNA polymerase (Pol) II”, but the mechanism of combining remains equivocal. This writing is executed in such a way by the researcher of this study, that it is easy for multiple readers to understand the concept of “Capping” in molecular biology. The movement of the various conjoins of the materials of the cell surface is also considered to be “Capping”.