Schedules in the Constitution of India

The Constitution of India is a document that contains laws concerning various subjects. It is divided into 448 Articles and 12 Schedules. A Schedule can be defined as tabular documentation of details that are not mentioned in the Articles. The primary function of Schedules is to declutter an Act’s provisions. The relevant information of an Act is included in the main Constitution, and any additional information regarding it can be found in the Schedules. 

The Government of India Act of 1935 made the first-ever mention of Schedules. There were 10 Schedules at that time. Then, when the Constitution was officially drafted in 1949, there were eight Schedules. Now, after several amendments, there are a total of 12 Schedules. 

Schedules in the Constitution of India

There were originally only eight Schedules in the Indian Constitution as mentioned above. The ninth one was added in 1951 by the First Constitution Amendment Act. The 10th was added in 1985 by the 52nd Constitution Amendment Act. The 11th and 12th Schedules were added in 1992 under the 73rd and 74th Constitution Amendment Acts.

But why do we need Schedules? Schedules come in handy at the time of making revisions. Making amendments to the Articles is a time-consuming and complicated process. It is easier to revise the Schedules, which are documented separately. Additional information can also be updated in the Schedules.

12 Schedules of the Indian Constitution

First Schedule of the Constitution of India:

It includes the names of states and Union Territories of India. Whenever any new state is formed, two states are merged, or the boundaries are altered, its mention has to be made in the First Schedule of the Constitution. 

Second Schedule of the Constitution of India:

It mentions details about the allowances and management of those dignitaries who are in charge of public offices, such as:

• The President of India
• Governors of the States
• Lok Sabha Speaker and Deputy Speaker
• Rajya Sabha Chairman and Deputy Chairman
• Judges of the Supreme Court
• Judges of High Courts
• Deputy Speakers and Speakers of the Legislative Assemblies of states
• Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)
• Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Councils of states

Third Schedule of the Indian Constitution:

Officials in charge of public offices have to take oaths, whose details are mentioned in the Third Schedule of the Constitution of India. Oaths and affirmations for the following dignitaries are mentioned in this Schedule:

• Union Ministers of India
• Parliament election candidates
• Members of Parliament (MPs)
• Supreme Court Judges
• Comptroller and Auditor General
• State Ministers
• State Legislature Election Candidates
• State Legislature members
• High Court judges

Fourth Schedule of the Constitution of India:

The ways of allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha for different states and Union Territories are mentioned in this Schedule. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. Of these, 12 are nominated by the President. These are people who excel in their respective fields of literature, science, arts, etc. The remaining 238 members represent the different states and UTs. 

Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India:

Information regarding the Scheduled areas and Scheduled tribes are mentioned in this Schedule. Scheduled tribes need additional security coverage owing to their social and economic backgrounds. 

Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India:

The provisions regarding the administration of the tribals in the northeastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura are mentioned in the Sixth Schedule. Autonomous district councils can be set up in these states to protect the tribal population. Articles 244(2) and 275(1) mainly deal with this issue.

Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India:

It includes the union, state, and concurrent lists.

• Union List – The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution has a list of 100 topic headings, known as the union list. Legislation on these topics may only be passed by the Indian Parliament or the Union Government.
• State List – The state list is a compilation of 61 topics included in Schedule Seven of the Indian Constitution. The various state governments have exclusive authority to enact legislation pertaining to these issues.
• Concurrent List – The concurrent list incorporates 52 items. These issues fall within the union’s and the various states’ joint jurisdiction.

Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India:

India is the land of dozens of languages, which are all listed in this Schedule. The Constitution officially recognises twenty-two languages. These are:

• Assamese
• Bengali
• Bodo
• Dogri (Dongri)
• Gujarati
• Hindi
• Kannada
• Kashmiri
• Konkani
• Mathili (Maithili)
• Malayalam
• Manipuri
• Marathi
• Nepali
• Oriya
• Punjabi
• Sanskrit
• Santhali
• Sindhi
• Tamil
• Telugu
• Urdu

Initially, only 14 languages were included in the Schedule. Sindhi was added in 1967 by the 21st Constitution Amendment Act. Konkani, Nepali, and Manipuri were added in 1992 by the 71st Amendment Act. Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali were included in 2004 by the 92nd Amendment Act (2003).

Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of India:

Provisions regarding land reforms and the abolishment of the zamindari system are mentioned here. The provisions included in the Ninth Schedule are open to judicial scrutiny, as ruled by the Supreme Court in 2007.

Tenth Schedule of the Constitution of India:

It includes provisions regarding the disqualification of the members of Parliament and state Legislative Assemblies if they attempt to defect from one political party to another. 

Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution of India:

The powers and authorities of the panchayats are mentioned in this Schedule. It is crucial to ensure that they operate as a form of a local government. It currently enlists 29 matters.

Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution of India:

The powers and authorities of municipal corporations are mentioned in this Schedule. This Schedule includes 18 subjects. A few of them are poverty alleviation, fire services, slum improvement and up-gradation, etc.

Conclusion

Schedules are not directly included in the Constitution of India, but they offer crucial additional information on various Acts. The Constitution currently has 12 Schedules. Schedules do not just have a utility in the Constitution but also in multiple laws for different purposes. A comprehensive list of states and union territories can be established with the help of Schedules. A list of important matters that come under the purview of the Centre, states, or both can be established via Schedules.