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Aryabhatta is a famous 5th-century Indian mathematician who has authored many books and found solutions to several basic formulas and mathematical expressions. He studied at the University of Nalanda, which is in present-day Bihar.
His best surviving work is called Aryabhatia. According to researchers, this book was written in 499 AD, which details the concept of manvantara in cosmology. Aryabhatia is written completely in the Sanskrit language. Many scientists and modern-day mathematicians have translated its verses into different languages to understand its calculations. Unfortunately, many treatises in this book have disappeared or been damaged.
Aryabhatia: The Book of Wisdom
Aryabhata is a famous mathematician credited with so many discoveries and inventions. He has also authored many novels and scripts. Aryabhatia is the most popular of his books. It is extensive and has in-depth knowledge of cosmology, mathematical expressions, formulas, and science.
Aryabhata was only 23 years old when he composed this brilliant book of wisdom, Aryabhatiyam, which is also called Aryabhatia. Before this book, he composed several manuscripts in the Sanskrit language that had detailed explanations of mathematical equations and formulas. Many other scholars contributed to creating this book. But Aryabhata’s contributions are unique and different in many ways.
- This book was written in the Sanskrit language.
- It can be assumed as a manual, but it is a form of verse.
- There are a total of 123 stanzas. Without proper understanding, the book might seem ambiguous.
- In ancient times, word numerals were used to denote numbers. But Aryabhata used Roman numerals in place of words. This was the first of its kind found in ancient manuscripts.
Aryabhatia is divided into four different sections. All four sections are based on different subjects:
- Gitikapada
- Ganitapada
- Kala Kriyapada
- Golapada
The first section, called Gitikapada, focuses on time. Different verses describe different units of time. The large units are called Kalpa, manvantara, and yuga. There are a total of 13 verses in it. He also wrote different sins in the table, and the description is provided in one single verse. According to Gitikapada, the one planet revolution in maha yuga takes about 4.32 million years.
The second one, called Ganitapada, is about the mathematical expression, formulae, measurements, arithmetic, and geometric progressions. It also has a verse talking about menstruation (kṣetra vyāvahāra). This section is divided into 33 verses.
The third section, called Kala Kriyapada, is about cosmology. It defines the position of stars, planets, months (adhikamAsa), days of the week and night. This section is divided into 25 verses.
The last section is Golapada. This section defines the shape and structure of Earth and the presence of different celestial bodies. Golapada has the most number of verses i.e. 50 verses. After talking about the planets, universe, cosmos and other facts, Aryabhata has also mentioned virtues followed in the workplace, among other things.
Aryabhatia is composed of 13 introductory verses along with 108 verses. It is further divided into four chapters or four padas. The book has all the knowledge and information that different scholars have collected over the years.
Aryabhatia has influenced and impacted so many innovations and theories for many centuries. This book is the only surviving work of the great Indian mathematician Aryabhata. It is relevant even today because it shows the generic model of the solar system. The book also shows that epicycles carry celestial bodies like the sun and moon.
Manvantara
According to Hindu cosmology, manvantara is a cyclic period that defines the duration, reign, and age of the progenitor of mankind – Manu. In every manvantara, there are different deities, seven rishis (saints), Indra, Manu, and his sons or successors who are created, raised and perish. Every manvantara is different because of its ruler. Presently, we are living in the seventh manvantara out of the total fourteen. It is ruled by Shraddhadeva Manu. As defined in manvantara, after every cycle or maha Kalpa, the universe will perish, and a new cycle will begin again.
The list of manvantaras is given below:
- Svayambhuva
- Swarochish
- Uttama
- Tapasa
- Private
- Chakshusha
- Shraddhadeva
- Safari
- Daksha Savarni
- Brahma Savarni
- Dharma Savarni
- Rudrasavarni
- Rocha
- Beauty
Conclusion
Gitikapada is a book written by famous Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata. Because of his interest in cosmology and astronomy, he was able to write so many books. The book Aryabhatia is so intense and detail-oriented and is way ahead of its time. This book is filled with wisdom and assumptions about how our future will be. In this article, we learnt about the different verses of Aryabhatiyam. We also got to know different verses of the book Gitikapada.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Ireland on September 23, 2015. It was the second time an Indian Prime Minister had visited Ireland. The first being Jawaharlal Nehru’s visit in 1956. Ireland is an island nation located in Northwestern Europe and surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean.
The Prime Minister of Ireland, Enda Kenny, had hosted PM Modi during his visit. The PM was attended by other dignitaries such as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Charles Flanagan, and Ireland’s Ambassador to India, Feilim McLaughlin. The main aim of the visit was to create stronger ties and improve trade and cultural relations. Described below is the impact of the PM’s Ireland visit.
Impact on trade and commerce
India and Ireland have strong bilateral trade and business relations. Before the PM’s visit, trades with Ireland were valued at €650 million in business in 2014. This included exports worth €248m and imports worth €402 million.
The indigenous exports increased from €32 million in 2012 to €55 million in 2014. In 2019, the total bilateral trade was around €1.2 billion. The exports and the imports have also increased to €636 million and €480 million respectively. Currently, the total trade between India and Ireland is valued at €4.2 billion. This resulted from improved bilateral ties between the two nations, owing to Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Ireland.
Indian Companies in Ireland
Many Indian companies carry out trade and commerce in Ireland. They provide services to Irish markets and consumers across various industries. Pharmaceutical giants such as Reliance Genemedix and Amneal Pharmaceuticals operate in Ireland. Major IT companies such as Wipro, Infosys, TCS, and HCL also have a strong presence in the country. The trade relations were bolstered after Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Ireland.
Other companies like Crompton Greaves, Deepak Fasteners, Jain irrigation systems, and Shapoorji Pallonji provide consumer goods and services. Likewise, many Irish companies conduct their business in the Indian market. These companies include pharmaceutical and nutrition players like ICON and Glanbia, IT firms like Globoforce and other companies like Keventer, CRH Taxback Group, and Connolly Red Mills.
Impact on Education
Ireland has been a coveted destination for higher education for Indian students. Over 5000 Indian students have enrolled for higher studies in various institutions in Ireland. The students are admitted to engineering, technology, medicine and management colleges. More than 30 research agreements have been signed between the two nations that allow institutes in both countries to collaborate.
Many reputed institutes like Trinity College, Dublin, and Thapar University, Patiala, have signed MOUs for engineering and science disciplines programmes. Thus, Ireland is an essential collaborator in graduate and doctoral research. This collaboration is also considered an impact of the PM’s Ireland visit.
Indian Community in Ireland
Ireland is diplomatically significant for India also due to the large number of Indian citizens residing there. The Indian origin population is approximately 45,000 people, of whom 18,500 are Non-Resident Indians (NRI), and others are Persons of Indian Origin (PIO). The majority of the residents are working professionals employed in engineering, healthcare and management positions.
It has helped in establishing many policies for the Indian origin population. Two such policies in practice are wearing hijab as a part of the police uniform and the non-requirement of obtaining an additional work permit for the spouse or the partner of Critical Skill Employment Permit holders.
Cultural Impact
As a result of a large population of Indian origin citizens in Ireland and the relationship between the two nations, Ireland promotes Indian culture in various forms. One such example is the celebration of Diwali in Ireland since 2008. The event is organised every year in collaboration with Irish and Indian committees.
Further, an annual contemporary film festival is also a part of the celebration of Indian culture. The promotion of such events indicates the importance of cultural exchange between the two nations. The Irish communities also take a keen interest in conventional practices such as cultivating and consuming Indian herbs and spices. This connects the agricultural practices between the two nations. The cultural ties between the countries were strong, and Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Ireland helped strengthen them further.
Another significant practice is the celebration of International Yoga Day in Ireland. The Irish communities have accepted Yoga as a form of a healthy lifestyle. The practice is similar to the Indian tradition.
Tourism
India attracts around 44,000 Irish tourists every year. Indian tourists too visit Ireland in similar numbers. This was facilitated by the introduction of the common British-Irish visa scheme. This scheme allows the tourists to visit the U.K. and Ireland under one visa, rather than applying for two separate visas. It is valid for short stays. India also extended its Electronic Tourist Visa facility to Ireland to digitally facilitate visa approval and generation. The impact of the PM’s Ireland visit was such that it has also helped establish the tourism sector in both countries.
Conclusion
The diplomatic ties between Ireland and India have been impacted positively after Prime Minister Modi visited Ireland in 2015. It was an essential step toward strengthening the bilateral relationship between these two nations. India and Ireland have been important to each other since the 1900s.
In 2010 and 2017, two honorary consulates were established in Chennai and Kolkata. Later in 2019, a formal and fully functional consulate general in Mumbai. Ireland and India have also shown their allegiance to fighting terrorism after the Pulwama attack. India has also hosted several Irish dignitaries on various occasions. These visits were directed toward engagement in business, education, health and tourism.
Further, many agreements were signed to provide opportunities for employment to people of both countries. Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Ireland helped revive relatively stagnant relations between these two nations. Several cultural and historically similar instances bind these two nations. From Yeats and Tagore to cricket and Diwali, the cultural semblance between these two nations has helped create a strong tie between them.
