Cells-Cytology

Cells are considered as the biologically functional mass in the living organism which is made of cytoplasm. The cell membrane is bound to the cell externally in the living organism, which is considered as the base of the internal organs. The cells are usually microscopic and can be seen with bare eyes and concise as the main structure of living organisms. Cytology is considered the examination of these cells of the body’s tissues. Cytology is used to examine a cell of the body or fluid to understand any diagnosis. Pathologies take the cell under the microscope to observe the characteristics and abnormalities of numbers and the diagnosis of the cell.

Discussion and definition of Cytology

Cytology, also known as cytopathology, is considered as the examination of the cells of living organisms. The main functionality of cytology or cytopathology is to examine the cells to understand their structure. The cells from the fluids or body tissues of living organisms are the main structural base of the body. The examination of the cells helps to understand the various abnormalities regarding the living organism. The scientist or the pathologist can test the cells or cytogenetic of the cells to understand and examine the abnormalities regarding the living organism. 

In the year of 1982, the cytology of the cells was discovered by George Nicolas Papanicolaou.  Cyto pathology or cytology can be used in the sample of the fragments of the tissues of the free sample cells of living organisms. It has the defect aspect from histopathology which is the study of the whole tissues of living organisms. Cytology is the study or examination of the part of the tissue cells in any living organism. Cytology is also covered as a branch of pathology which is the study of the cells of the living organism. It helps to detect some of the genetic diseases or some kind of harmful dose with the help of the cell examination.

Discussion on the types of Cytology 

Cytology is the examination of the cells of the tissues which are mainly of two main types Intervention cytology and Exfoliative cytology.  

Exfoliative cytology 

Exfoliative cytology is mentioned as the branch of cytology that is used for examination of the exfoliated cells in the laboratory. In this cytology, Shed cells are used by the pathologist of the laboratory to examine them; sometimes they scratch or brush the upper layer of the cells to get the sample. The cells or parts of the cells which are naturally exfoliated from the surface of the body are used as manual methods to get the surface of cells. Various examples of Exfoliative cytology are “Gastrointestinal tract samples, Gynecological samples and Skin or mucus samples”. This type of cytology tissue bruising method for manual or scrapping methods has been used to collect cell samples. Other various methods which have been involved in natural exfoliation are “Urinary samples, Respiratory samples and Discharge or secretion samples”. 

Intervention cytology 

Intervention cytology is defined as the branch of cytology where internal or intervention samples of the cells are used for the examination. In the methods of Intervention cytology, the intervening samples or internal samples of the cells of living organisms are used to test in the laboratory. The pathologist needs to pierce the skin layer or a similar way to get the sample of the cells for the laboratory tests and examination. “FNA or Fine Needle Aspiration” is considered the most common example of intervention cytology. The fluid of the body has been collected with the help of the needle by a pathologist. These cells from the fluid are examined by the pathologist in the laboratory. Various examples include: “lymph nodes, Fluid-filled lumps (cysts) under the skin, Solid lumps (nodules or masses), pericardial fluid and pleural fluid”. 

Discussion on  the application of Cytology

• Cytology is used in the case of viral infection or disease that cannot be detected from outside or external examination of the body. 
• Cytology or diagnostic tests are the determination of a certain kind of disease or infection with the help of the cell study. 
• Cell cytology tests can help to find the abnormal cells for the disease that is occurring in the human body. 
• Screening tests have been used by healthcare providers or pathologists to understand the nature of the disease. 
• Cancer can be detected with the help of a cytology test or the cell examination. 
• Pap smear is considered one of the popular types of cytology test that has been used worldwide. 
• There are other applications of cytology as follows: 

1. Diagnosis of infectious disease
2. Inflammatory conditions diagnosis
3. Thyroid lesions examination 

1. IV)      Pleural cavity examination

Conclusion

The present study is the main focus on the cytology of the cells and their application. The various types of cytology have been discussed in the present study. The application of cytology has been briefly discussed in the present study. The various uses of the parts of the cytology have been discussed in the present study. This study helps to understand the various concepts of cytology in the human body. The use and the process of cytology have been discussed here in the present study.