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Perpetual motion is the movement of bodies that never ends and continues forever in an undisturbed system. A perpetual motion machine is based on a hypothesis stating that the body can work infinitely without any external energy source. Technically speaking, a device that can move or work infinitely is impossible as it would violate thermodynamics’ first and second laws. The law of thermodynamics is applied to all machines, not depending on the size of the devices or system.
Principles of Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind
The Concept of a perpetual machine of the first kind is that it violates both the first and second law of thermodynamics. It can do work infinitesimally without any energy input.
The law of conservation states that in an isolated system, a system can not produce new energy. The job carried out by the heat machines and their result is always smaller compared to the input heating power
The work done by the heat engines and their output is always smaller than the input heating power. The remaining heat is wasted in the surroundings.
The heat engine’s efficiency is less than the Carnot efficiency because of the irreversibility caused by the speed of the processes.
Classification
The classification of perpetual motion machines is based on the violation of thermodynamics law by the engines.
The first kind of perpetual motion machine does work without any energy input and hence violates the first law of thermodynamics.
The 2nd sort of perpetual movement machine directly converts power that is thermal work that is mechanical, violating the following legislation of thermodynamics.
The third kind of perpetual motion machine maintains motion forever by eliminating motion and other dissipative forces because of its mass.
What is a closed system?
A closed system is a system that has no interactions with its surroundings and remains isolated on its own. A closed system implies no external forces acting on or within the system and there is no net mass transfer between the system and its surroundings.
It’s not just about what goes in or out, but also about where things go when they leave.
For a process to be considered “closed,” it must also be a steady state and this means that the concentrations of all reactants and products do not change with time. In addition, if any reactions occur in the reaction vessel, they must have reached equilibrium with one another before any physical measurements can be taken.
Theory on how to make a perpetual machine
The machine is based on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which states that when there is a relative motion between an induction coil and magnet, then the number of lines magnetic forced with the induction coil is fluctuated with the result in fluctuation of magnetic flux associated with the coil, due to which an electromotive force also known as EMF is induced in the coil and as a result nn induced electric current tarts following in the coil.”
e=N d𝞥/dt
Where,
e = induced EMF
N = number of turns of wire in coil
d𝞥 = change in magnetic flux
When 𝞥 = BA cos𝝷
Where 𝞥 = magnetic flux
B = intensity of magnetic flux
A = area of coil
dt = time of one cyclic fluctuation on magnetic flux
Therefore,
Pm = F.rϖ
Pm = W.rϖ
Pm = mgrϖ
m = mass of rotating body
ϖ = angular velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
Construction of machine
The machines contains of the following parts
Crank
Connecting rod
Induction oil
Electric motor
Chargeable battery
Wheels
Neodymium magnet
The induction coil arrangement and current production volume of the magnet depends on the resistivity of the material of the induction coil. When using a copper wire the value of the resistivity is 1.7 × 10-8 ohm.meter. The magnetic power of the magnet is concerned will be between 10000 gauss to 13000 gauss depending on the grade of the magnet whether it is a N30 grade or N50 grade.
Working
The machine’s work is based on two phases of operations. The first is that that power is supplied to the motor connected to the electric circuit. Once the engine starts rotating, the shaft coupled to the motor will also begin moving with the wheels attached to the shaft. This will cause the connecting rod to go up and down, resulting in the movement of the magnet connected to the rod. The result of all these moments will give rise to relative motion.
The second phase is after supplying electricity to the motor with the help of batteries so that the wheels rotate for some time until the battery runs out of power. Since the wheel is rotating, the magnets will also reciprocate up and down the induction coil, which will produce electric current and be supplied to the motor and this loop will go on.
As a result, the machine is being rotated without any energy input after initiation. Now this state of the machine working without any energy input is known as a perpetual motion machine of the first kind.
Conclusion
Perpetual motion machine is just a theoretical explanation that breaks the first and second law of thermodynamics and is impossible in real life. The concept of Perpetual motion machines dates back to middle age and it was unclear whether it was possible. But the law of thermodynamics stated that it is impossible and despite this statement, many attempts were made to construct perpetual motion machines. We also discussed perpetual motion machines and the theory of how you can construct them.
