Energy Calculation In Fission And Fusion

What exactly is nuclear energy?

Nuclear energy is the energy located in the centre of an atom. An atom is a tiny particle that forms solids, liquids, and gases. The inside of an atom is filled with neutrons and protons, surrounded by electrons.

Protons have a positive electric charge, electrons have a negative charge, and neutrons do not have an electrical charge. Therefore, there is plenty of energy in the core of an atom. This energy is released if the atom breaks. It is known as nuclear fission.

Nuclear power plants make use of uranium atoms to carry out nuclear fission. In this process, neutrons collide with uranium atoms, breaking them up and releasing energy in radiation and heat.

Nuclear fission energy calculation

When a neutron hits a nucleus with uranium-235, the nucleus absorbs the neutron. It divides into two elements and releases off three or more new neutrons. However, the quantity of neutrons released depends on how the U-235 atom is split. The two atoms that split emit gamma radiation when they transition into their new state. There are three aspects of the induced fission process that are noteworthy:

1. The chance of a U-235 atom being able to capture a neutron when it moves by is high. If a reactor is operating properly, known as ‘critical state’ in which one neutron is ejected from each fission, it can cause another fission.
2. The process of taking the neutron and then splitting it is extremely fast in the range of microseconds that is 1×10-12 seconds.
3. When an atom splits, a massive volume of energy is released as radiation and heat. The two atoms formed of the fission then release their beta radiation and gamma radiation. The energy produced from a single fission results since the neutrons and fission products are both lighter than the U-235 atom that was created. This difference is transformed into energy in a process determined by the equation E = mc2. One U-235 atom releases a minimum of 200 MeV (million electron volts) from the decay. A pound of highly enhanced uranium used to power the nuclear submarine could be as large as 1 million gallons of gasoline. 

Nuclear fusion energy calculation

The Sun releases power via nuclear fusion reactions. The tremendous pressure and temperature of the Sun cause hydrogen atoms to fuse into deuterium. The deuterium atom joins in a hydrogen atom to create an atom called tritium, and it fuses with another hydrogen atom to create a helium atom. The helium atom’s mass is less than the sum of four hydrogen atoms.

Now, Einstein’s E=mc2 equation turns the missing mass into energy. The reaction of the nuclei of two heavy forms isotopes of hydrogen, tritium and deuterium (D), releases 2.8 x 10-12 joule, that is, 17.6 MeV.

The two types of fusion reactions currently most promising for nuclear-fusion reactors are the deuterium-tritium reactor (deuterium-tritium reaction), and the Helium-3 deuterium reactor. The fusion between deuterium and tritium yields 17.6 MeV in energy, but it needs to be at 40 million Kelvin temperature to ignite the coulomb barrier.

The energy of interaction per nucleon is higher for nuclei with a medium mass, and it reaches its maximum value equivalent to the range of iron (Fe). It signifies that energy is released when two low-mass nuclei unite to form a larger nucleus. The larger nucleus has more binding energy and fewer nucleons than the combined nucleus as energy is released during the fusion process, eradicating the mass. The fusion of small-mass nuclei provides energy in general. The exact specifics, however, are dependent on the nuclides in question.

The Sun creates energy by fusing protons to the helium nuclei (4He), also known as hydrogen nuclei. It is the Sun’s biggest nuclide. The proton-proton chain is the main chain of reactions gives us:

1H + 1H → 2H + e++ ve (0.42 MeV)

1H + 2H → 3He + γ (5.49 MeV)

3He + 3He → 4He + 1H + 1H (12.86 MeV)

In which e+ refers to an electron positive. Electron neutral is represented by Ve. The reactions release the energy contained between parentheses. Here, the first two reactions must be repeated at least twice for the third reaction. The process takes six protons (1H) and returns two. A second position will be created, and it will find two electrons. These electrons will then be annihilated to create four more gamma Rays(𝞬).

The output of the cycle is as follows: 

2e- + 41H – 4He + 2ve + 6𝛄 (26.7 MeV)

The 26.7 MeV here includes the annihilation energy of the electrons and positrons. It is also distributed across all reaction products.

Conclusion

In fission and nuclear energy calculation, the nuclei of atoms are altered, and energy is generated. While they have some similarities, they are opposite forces.

Nuclear fusion means the joining of two lighter atoms within an atom that is heavier. Nuclear fission, the opposite process, is when a heavier atom splits into two smaller ones.

Nuclear power plants use the atoms of uranium to carry out nuclear fission. Through this process, neutrons collide with nuclear atoms of uranium, and it breaks it up. The two atoms that split emit gamma radiation when they transition into their new state. There are three aspects of the induced fission process that make it fascinating. A massive volume of energy releases through radiation and heat when an atom is split in