Probable Velocities

The velocity of an object is the rate of change of the object’s position with respect to the reference frame  and is a function of time. Velocity corresponds to an indicator of the speed and direction of movement of an object (e.g. 70 km/h north). Velocity is a basic concept of kinematics and is a field of classical mechanics that explains the movement of objects. 

Velocity is a physical vector quantity. To define it, we need both size and orientation. The absolute scalar  value (magnitude) of velocity is called speed and is a coherent derivative unit whose magnitude is measured in  SI (metric system) as metres per second (m/s or m·s–1). 

Speed and velocity:

Speed ​​and velocity can be a bit confusing for most of us. Now, the difference between velocity and speed is that speed tells us  how fast an object is moving, whereas velocity gives us not only that speed but also  the direction in which the body is moving. Speed can be defined as a function of distance travelled, but velocity is a function of displacement. Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of an object at a particular point in time. 

Constant velocity:

To get a constant velocity, the object must have a constant speed in a certain direction. A constant  direction moves an object  in a straight line, so a constant velocity means  a linear movement at a constant velocity. 

Average velocity:

The average velocity of the object is the total disarticulation divided by the total time required. In other words, it’s the speed at which an object moves from one place to another. This is the vector size. The SI unit is metres / second. However, you can use any distance unit per hour, if desired. Miles per hour (mph) or kilometres per hour (km / h). 

Average velocity formula: 

Average Velocity = (change in position) / (change in time) 

Relative velocity:

Relative velocity is a measure of velocity between two objects  determined in a single coordinate system. Relative velocities are fundamental in both classical and modern physics, as many systems in physics deal with the relative motion of two or more particles. In Newtonian mechanics, the relative velocity does not depend on the selected inertial frame of reference. This is no longer the case  with special relativity, where velocity depends on the choice of reference frame.

RMS Velocity:

RMS velocity is the square root of the mean square of the velocity of individual gas molecules. The root mean square velocity is the velocity of a wave passing through an underground layer at various interval velocities along a particular ray path, usually  a few percent higher than the average velocity. When the source and receiver offset approaches zero and the slices are horizontal and isotropic, the stack speed and RMS speed are equal. 

Root mean square velocity = √(3RT/M) 

Probable velocity:

The effective temperature of an object is an approximation of the temperature of the gaseous component at the “outer edge” of the atmosphere. This temperature determines the most probable velocity of each component within that range, as given by the following equation:

VM = (2kT/MmH)1/2 

Where,

 VM = the most likely velocity of a molecule of weight M 

 K = Boltzmann constant (1.38 x 1023 J deg-1) 

 T = Effective temperature 

M = Molecular weight of a specific gas species 

mH = Mass of  hydrogen atom (1.67 x 1027 kg)

Note that heavier molecules, such as  molecular weight 44 of CO2, have velocities that can be much lower  than hydrogen at molecular weight 1 or helium at molecular weight 4. This means that on certain planets with certain gravitational accelerations and escape velocities, light molecules are more likely to exceed the escape velocity and leave the planet’s atmosphere. The closer the most probable velocity is to the escape velocity, the higher  the percentage of molecules that can escape from the planet. 

Conclusion:

In a recent study, Ilorin’s atomic energy oxygen and hydrogen are used for monthly average minimum and maximum temperature meteorological data obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) for 38 years (1979-2016). The average velocity and most likely velocity  values ​​for these atoms were compared to the  escape velocity values. Based on the average velocities and most likely velocities of atomic oxygen and hydrogen obtained during the study, it can be inferred that these atoms  are less than the escape velocity and therefore cannot escape from the gravitational field.