Gaseous States

Gases are substances that exist in the gaseous state, which is one of the three fundamental states of matter and is one of the three states of matter that can exist simultaneously. Gases are highly compressible and have extremely large intermolecular distances between their molecules.

Comparison 

When compared to liquids and solids, the gaseous state has very small attractive forces between the gas particles, which are separated from one another by a significantly greater distance than in the liquid or solid states. In order to understand how gases behave, it is necessary to understand that substances that exist in the gaseous state have neither a definite volume nor a defined shape. They have a tendency to take up the entire volume of the container in which they are placed. Furthermore, gases are known to be highly compressible and to exert a finite amount of pressure on the walls of their containers when compressed.

Three states of matter

Solid, liquid, and gas are the three states of matter.

The atmosphere is made up of a mixture of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ozone, and water vapour, among others. Only 11 gases in the periodic table behave as gases under standard temperature and pressure conditions, despite the fact that the gaseous state is the most basic of all known states of matter and the most fundamental of all known states of matter ( STP i.e. 1 atm and 273K). Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, and Chlorine are the elements in this group. Pure gases are what we refer to as these gases.

From the examples of the differences in intermolecular distances between particles of different materials such as solids, liquids, and gases, it can be observed that solids contain particles that are very tightly packed, whereas liquids contain particles that have slightly greater intermolecular distances. Observational evidence indicates that the gaseous state has the greatest intermolecular distances of the three states studied.

The most significant distinction between solids, liquids, and gases is that:

1. Substances that exist in the solid state have defined shapes and occupy fixed volumes, which are known as solids.
2. When a substance is in the liquid state, it has no defined shape, but it occupies a specific volume. They take on the shape of the containers in which they are contained and are slightly compressible.
3. Gases (substances that exist in the gaseous state) are non-solid substances that do not have defined shapes or occupy fixed volumes in the physical world. Gaseous substances take on the shape of the container in which they are contained and are highly compressible.

Physical characteristics

1. When compared to solids and liquids, gases have a lower density and are more compressible than the two.
2. All directions are equally subjected to the same amount of pressure by them.
3. The amount of space between gas particles is large, and the kinetic energy of the particles is high.
4. Because of the small intermolecular forces between these gas particles, they are not considered significant.
5. These particles move at high speeds in all directions and collide with one another, causing the gas to spread evenly throughout the container in which they are kept at high temperatures. This also causes them to exert pressure on the container’s walls as a result of their actions.
6. Consequently, gases conform to the volume and shape of the container.
7. Whereas intermolecular forces of attraction in a real gas are negligible, in an ideal gas, intermolecular forces of attraction are zero. This is due to the fact that the molecules of an ideal gas move at such a fast rate and are located at such a distance from one another that they do not interact at all. 
8. There is no such thing as an ideal gas that exists in nature. Gases, on the other hand, behave optimally when exposed to high temperatures and low pressure conditions. It is possible to predict the behaviour of gases based on certain laws.
9. The average oil spill on the open ocean evaporates at a rate of approximately 25 percent per day. Hydrocarbons are easily photo oxidized when they are in the gaseous state. The photo-oxidation of petroleum also affects the dissolved fraction of petroleum. According to Mill et al. (1980), the photo-oxidation of isopropylbenzene in the presence of humic substances has been observed. The photochemical oxidation of petroleum in water has been observed to occur in studies of alkanes and alkylbenzenes, such as s-butylbenzene and t-butylbenzene, and the products produced have included acids, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, peroxides, and ethers, according to a review of the research.

Conclusion

Therefore we can finally conclude that gases, substances that exist in the gaseous state, are non-solid substances that do not have defined shapes or occupy fixed volumes in the physical world. Gaseous substances take on the shape of the container in which they are contained and are highly compressible.