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When one atom can contribute electrons to obtain the inert gas electron configuration and another atom requires electrons to acquire the inert gas electron configuration, an ionic bond is created. This is the chemical bond established when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Ionic bonds are also known as electrovalent bonds, and ionic compounds are made up of Ionic bonds. The formation of ionic bonds occurs when a metal reacts with a non-metal, and the resulting product is known as an ionic compound. Chemical bonds are formed when metal and non-metal react and bond through an electric force of attraction.
Ionic Compound Structure
The relative sizes of the cations and anions determine the structure of an ionic molecule. Salts, oxides, hydroxides, sulphides and most inorganic compounds are ionic compounds. The electrostatic interaction between the positive and negative ions holds ionic solids together.
Sodium ions, for example, attract chloride ions, and chloride ions attract sodium ions. As a result, a three-dimensional structure of Na+ and Cl- ions alternates. This is a sodium chloride crystal. As the quantity of sodium ions equals the number of chloride ions, the crystal is uncharged. The ions are held in place by the forces of attraction between them.
Ion Formation Patterns
To gain a proper understanding of this concept, this study material on the formation of ionic bonds illustrates how atoms create ions in general according to the following patterns:
- Group 1 metals have a single electron in their valence shell. They have the option of giving up this electron and becoming 1+. Group 2 elements lose two electrons to become 2+, while Group 3 elements lose three electrons to become 3+.
- Group 17 non-metals only require one electron to complete their valence shell. They can gain one electron and change their state to 1–. The elements in Group 16 gain two electrons to become 2–, whereas the elements in Group 15 gain three electrons to become 3–.
- Each of the remaining metal elements produces at least one 2+ ion.
Ionic Character Formula
The magnitude of charge separation in polar covalent bonds is characterised by the ionic character. To understand the study material notes on the formation of ionic bonds, it is important to learn the formula that aids in estimating the electronegativity difference between the two atoms.
Δχ = χB − χA
The binding polarity and ionic nature increase as the electronegativity difference (Δχ) grows.
Example:
In a situation where magnesium reacts with chlorine, as Mg’s outermost orbit possesses two electrons, it loses those two electrons, causing the M shell to lose two electrons and the L shell to become the outermost orbit. As a result, it creates a stable octet. Mg now has 12 protons but only 10 electrons, resulting in Mg2+, which has a positive charge.
Similarly, the outermost orbit has seven electrons in the case of chlorine. As a result, Cl now requires one more electron to complete its stable octet. The Mg ion gives Cl one electron. However, because Mg has released two electrons and Cl only requires one, the two Cl atoms unite with one Mg atom. As a result, Cl generates a negative charge. MgCl₂ is formed as a result of this process.
Properties of the Ionic Compound
1. Physical Characteristics:
Positive and negative ions have a strong attraction to each other, making ionic compositions solid and difficult to break. They are, however, brittle because they break apart when pressure is applied.
2. Points of Melting and Boiling:
Ionic compounds are attracted to one another by a strong force. As a result, breaking the ionic connections between the atoms necessitates a significant amount of energy. Ionic compounds have a higher melting and boiling point for this.
3. Solubility:
Polar solvents can dissolve ionic substances. Examples of polar solvents include water, methanol and formamide. In non-polar solvents, such as chloroform and hydrocarbons, ionic compounds are insoluble or hardly soluble.
4. The conductivity of electricity:
In the solid-state, ionic compounds do not conduct electricity, but in the molten form, they do. Conduction of electricity, as you may know, entails the transfer of charge from one place to another.
Ion mobility is impossible in the solid state, hence ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity. Ionic compounds in the molten state, on the other hand, can conduct electricity because the heat overcomes their electrostatic forces of attraction.
Conclusion
Electrovalent compounds are also known as ionic compounds. The ionic bond is a chemical link created by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Ions are present in these substances. Although ionic compounds are neutral, they include positively charged ions called cations. Anions are negatively charged ions that make up the same chemical molecule. Sodium chloride and ammonium carbonate are two examples of ionic compounds. These chemicals have long been employed in a variety of industries.
