Factors Affecting Equilibrium Concentration, Pressure, Temperature

Equilibrium concentration

The situation of a system in which the amount of the reactant and the proportion of the metabolites do not alter over time, and the system’s properties do not change further is the equilibrium position. Another critical aspect is the factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, and temperature. 

According to Le Chatelier’s principle, adding another reactant to a system shifts the equilibrium towards the side of the products. By the same reasoning, increasing the loss of any product will move equilibrium to the right.

❖ The opposite is also true. For example, when adding more product to a mixture, the equilibrium shifts to the left to create more reactants. Alternatively, removing reactants from the system causes equilibrium to supply curve shifts.

❖ Thus, according to Le Chatelier’s principle, when they are put out of proportion by a change in pressure, warmth, or pressure, the system will automatically adjust in such a way as to “re-balance” itself just after an adjustment.

❖ The equilibrium of this process, in which Carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas combine to generate methanol, exemplifies this:

CO + 2 H2 ⇌ CH3OH

Assume we raise the concentration of CO in the system. Then, according to Le Chatelier’s principle pressure, the concentration of methanol will grow, reducing the overall change in CO. If we add a species to the total reaction, the response will benefit the side opposing the species addition. Similarly, removing a species causes the response to fill the “gap” and favor the side where the species was removed.

Le Chatelier’s principle- pressure

Le Chatelier’s principle pressure or volume causes an effort to restore equilibrium by producing more or fewer moles of gas. For example, as the pressure or volume of a system grows, the equilibrium will shift to favor the side of the reaction involving fewer moles of gas. Similarly, if a system’s volume or pressure grows, more moles of gas are promoted.

Consider the formation of ammonia by the interaction of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas:

N 2 + 3 H 2 ⇌ 2 NH 3             ΔH = -92 kJ mol -1

Take note of the molar concentration of gas on the left and the molar concentration of gas just on the right. The partial concentrations of the gasses fluctuate as the capacity of the system changes. If we reduced the pressure by expanding the volume, the equilibrium of the initial reaction would move to the left since the precursor side contains more moles than the product side.

The system attempts to compensate for the drop in partial pressure of gas molecules by moving to the side that exerts more pressure. Similarly, if we decrease the volume while increasing pressure, the equilibrium would move to the right, neutralizing the static pressure by transforming to the side with more gas particles that exert fewer stresses.

Finally, for a gas-phase reaction in which the number of gas on both sides of the equation is identical, pressure variations do not affect the system since n = 0.

Le chatelier’s principle – temperature

Le Chatelier’s principle temperature determines the influence of temperature on equilibrium. Remember that heat is absorbed in an endothermic process; thus, the value of H is positive. Thus, heat may be viewed as a reactant in an endothermic reaction:

Heat + A ⇌ B                                ΔH = positive

The scenario is exactly the reverse for an exothermic process. Because heat is produced during the reaction, it is a product; thus, the value of H is negative:

A ⇌ B + heat                     ΔH= negative

Let’s consider heat to be a reactant or a product. We can use Le Chatelier’s principle temperature the same way we did in our discussion of increasing or decreasing concentrations. For example, increasing the temperature of an endothermic reaction effectively adds additional reactants to the system. So, according to Le Chatelier’s principle, the equilibrium will move to the right.

Heat is a result of an exothermic process. As a result, raising the temperature shifts the equilibrium to the left, while lowering the temperature shifts the equilibrium to the right.

Equilibrium concentration calculator

When both the substances and the products of a chemical reaction have reached a concentration that does not fluctuate with time, the reaction is said to be in a state of chemical equilibrium. The rate of forwarding response is the same as the frequency of output characteristic in this condition.

If you know the process of the equilibrium concentration calculator, you can determine the equilibrium concentration. 

Methods for determining equilibrium concentration

Statement of the problem: At 300K, 6.00 moles of PCl5 were allowed to reach equilibrium in a 1 L closed reaction vessel. You must determine the composition of the mixture at equilibrium. Given that the reaction’s Kc is one,

❖     Step 1: Create a balanced reaction with the concentration you want to determine.

PCl5(g)  ⇋ PCl3(g)+ Cl2(g)

❖ Step 2: Calculate the molarity of the given concentrations. The amount of PCl5 used before the response is 6 moles, and the reaction vessel capacity is 1 L. As a result, the PCl5 concentration is 6/1 mole/liter = 6 M.

❖     Step 3: Record the effective concentration and the change in concentration for each chemical as it approaches equilibrium. The change in concentration is determined by first determining the concentration of one of the reactants, x, and then determining the concentrations of the other substances in terms of x.

❖     Step 4: Fill in the values of the equilibrium concentration calculator in the equation using the Kc supplied in the problem statement. Please keep in mind that while writing concentrations at equilibrium in the equation below, only those chemicals whose concentrations fluctuate significantly are considered.

❖     Step 5: Find the value of X. We take the positive value of X since the concentration value cannot be negative. In other words, the chemically meaningful value of X is chosen.

X2 + X -6 = 0

The equation yields either X = 2 or X = -3.

❖     Step 6: Using the value of x, calculate the equilibrium concentration values for each chemical.

As a result,

[PCl5] = 6–X = 6–2 = 4 M

X = 2 M = [PCl3] = [Cl2].

Conclusion

Chemical equilibria in a chemical reaction define the condition in which the concentrations of the reactants and products do not change further. These chemical equilibria play a crucial role in various biological and environmental processes. The system achieves chemical equilibrium when the reaction increases equal to the reverse reaction rate.

One example of chemical equilibria occurs when molecules of O2 interact with the protein hemoglobin, which plays a critical role in the transportation and delivery of O2 from our lungs to our muscles