Environment Topics - Important for (UPSE CSE and Other Government Exams.)

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Objective .This course will complete the remaining three chapters (12th ncert) part by part included in the portion of topic ENVIRONMENT' important for GS section of UPSC exam. The main objective is to explain the concepts as simply as possible, to clear the basics, especially focuses on beginners, and tries to generate an interest among viewers by being more creative. Source 12th ncert

Target audience UPSC aspirants .SSC .CDS Railway etc.

LONDON AMENDMENT Result of firm stand taken by developing nations including India. India was the last major country to sign the protocol. The amendments become operational from August 1992 The amendments provided for a multilateral fund Developed countries will phase out CFCs between 1995 and 2000, while developing nations will begin their elimination programs only I n2000 and end it in 2010 with obligatory contributions from developed nations, equal voting rights for al parties to the protocol, a fund to cover all extra costs incurred by developing nations in meeting the obligations of protocol, vand to ensure transfer of

COPENHAGEN AMENDMENTS .It enhanced the timetable for phasing out substances in November 1992 It also established the multilateral fund on a permanent basis and listed 3 new controlled substances has been further expanded with the adoption of 1995 and 1997 arnendnents to the protocol.

KUALA LUMPUR CONFERENCE . A ministerial level conference of developing nations in 1992 at Kuala lumpur, Malaysia, adopted certain far - reaching declarations. However, US rejected the proposal as existing GEF was sufficient, and a country receiving funds may divert money for other purposes. For example, setting up of an international green fund' for greening the earth (each country to cove at least 30% of its area with forests by 2000 AD) with a higher share from the developed nations. India, at this conference, also mooted the idea of Environment Tax' on developed nations to pay for the global environment clear up.

India also outlined a new global partnership' based on sound principles equal weightage to all nations, with stronger UN role, no conditionalities in funding or trade on grounds of environment protection no globalization of national resources such as genetic diversity and no enforcing of environmental standards at international level in place of national limits.

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