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Q 1. With reference to Nord Stream 1 subsea pipeline, consider the following statements:
1. Nord Stream 1 was completed in 2011 and runs from Vyborg in Leningrad (Russia) to Lubmin near Greifswald, Germany.
2. The Nord Stream crosses the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of Finland, Sweden and Denmark.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer (c)
Four leaks were reported at different points in the Nord Stream pipelines, linking Russia and Europe.
Statement 1 is correct: Nord Stream 1 was completed in 2011 and runs from Vyborg in Leningrad (Russia) to Lubmin near Greifswald, Germany. The Russian state-owned gas company Gazprom has a majority ownership in the pipeline. According to Bloomberg 40% of Europe’s pipeline gas came from Russia before the war(now 9%).
Statement 2 is correct: The Nord Stream crosses the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of several countries including Russia, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and Germany.
Q 2. With reference to National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, consider the following statements:
1. The NEP proposes three language policy to continue with a preference for local language up to class 5.
2. There is flexibility given to States under NEP to choose the languages under the three-language formula.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (c)
The Ministry of Education constituted a high-powered committee, the Bharatiya Bhasha Samiti for the promotion of Indian languages. Objective of the committee is Preparing an action plan For the growth of Indian languages as prescribed under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
Statement 1 is correct: The policy has emphasized mother tongue/local language/regional language as the medium of instruction at least till Grade 5, but preferably till Grade 8 and beyond. Sanskrit to be offered at all levels of school and higher education as an option for students, including in the three-language formula.
Statement 2 is correct: There is flexibility given to States to choose the languages under the three-language formula. “Constitutional provisions, aspirations of the people, regions, and the Union” would be kept in mind, along with “the need to promote multilingualism as well as promote national unity.”
Q 3. With reference to Preventive detention, consider the following statements:
1. Preventive detention is the detention of a person on a mere reasonable apprehension of him doing an activity dangerous to public order and security.
2. Constitution under articles 21 gives protection from preventive detention.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (a)
Supreme court has ruled that “preventive detention” is a serious invasion of personal liberty, and therefore whatever little safeguards the Constitution and the law authorizing such action to provide must be strictly adhered to.
Statement 1 is correct: Preventive detention is devised to afford protection to society. The object is not to punish a man for having done something but to intercept before he does it and to prevent him from doing it. Preventive detention is the detention of a person on a mere reasonable apprehension of him doing an activity dangerous to public order and security.
Statement 2 is not correct: Constitution under articles 22 (1) and (2) gives protection from preventive detention, but these protections are not available to a person arrested or detained under preventive detention laws (Article 22(3)). SC had said that there must be a “live and proximate link” between the grounds of detention and the purpose of detention, in order to detain and keep the person in detention.
Q 4. YUVA 2.0 – Prime Minister’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors is Implementation by:
(a) National Book Trust of India.
(b) Sahitya Akademi
(c) Press trust of India
(d) Lalit Kala Akademi
Answer: (a)
Option (a) is correct: The Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education launched YUVA 2.0 – Prime Minister’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors. It is an author mentorship programme to train young and budding authors (below 30 years of age) in order to promote reading, writing and book culture in the country.
Q 5. With reference to the rapid mass movements, consider the following statements:
1. Earthflow is a movement of water-saturated clayey or silty earth materials down low-angle terraces or hillsides.
2. Mudflows occur frequently on the slopes of erupting or recently erupted volcanoes.
3. Debris avalanche is more characteristic of humid regions with or without vegetation cover and occurs in narrow tracks on steep slopes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (d)
The Prime Minister of India recently condoled the loss of lives during NIM Uttarkashi mountaineering expedition due to an avalanche. Rapid movements are mostly prevalent in humid climatic regions and occur over gentle to steep slopes.
Statement 1 is correct: Movement of water-saturated clayey or silty earth materials down low-angle terraces or hillsides is known as earthflow. Quite often, the materials slump making steplike terraces and leaving arcuate scarps at their heads and an accumulation bulge at the toe. When slopes are steeper, even the bedrock especially of soft sedimentary rocks like shale or deeply weathered igneous rock may slide downslope.
Statement 2 is correct: Another type in this category is mudflow. In the absence of vegetation cover and with heavy rainfall, thick layers of weathered materials get saturated with water and either slowly or rapidly flow down along definite channels. It looks like a stream of mud within a valley. Mudflows occur frequently on the slopes of erupting or recently erupted volcanoes. Volcanic ash, dust and other fragments turn into mud due to heavy rains and flow down as tongues or streams of mud causing great destruction to human habitations
Statement 3 is correct: A third type is the debris avalanche, which is more characteristic of humid regions with or without vegetation cover and occurs in narrow tracks on steep slopes. This debris avalanche can be much faster than the mudflow. Debris avalanche is similar to snow avalanche.
