Define Mono-valent, Divalent and Trivalent Elements with Example.

Answer:  Covalent bonding is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms and the establishment of a stable equilibrium of attractive and repulsive forces between them when they share electrons.

Single, double, and triple covalent bonds are the three forms of covalent bonds. When two electrons are shared, a single bond is produced between the two atoms, consisting of one sigma bond. When two atoms share four electrons, they produce a double bond that consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond.

• Monovalent atoms, ions, and elements have a valence of one (they can either donate or accept two electrons) and can only form one covalent bond. Hydrogen (Na+), Sodium (Na+), Chlorine (Cl–), and other monovalent atoms are examples.
• Divalent refers to an atom, ion, or element with a valence of two. Oxygen (O2-), Magnesium (Mg2+), Sulphur (S2-), and other divalent atoms are examples.
• Trivalent refers to an atom, ion, or element with a valence of three. Nitrogen (N3-), Aluminium (Al3+), Phosphorous (P3-), and other trivalent atoms are examples.