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Ferromagnetism is a phenomenon in which certain items that can be charged with electricity attract others with energy. Two substances found in nature, lodestone (or magnetite, iron oxide, Fe3O4) and iron, have the potential to receive such attractive energy and are commonly referred to as natural ferromagnets.
It was 2000 years in the past that these materials were discovered and all the early studies of the science of magnetism were made on these materials. In today’s time, ferromagnetic materials can be found in various machines used in the daily lifestyle ranging from motors and generators to speakers and smartphones.
What is Ferromagnetism?
Ferromagnetism is a kind of magnetism mostly found in alloys of iron, cobalt, nickel or a mixture.
A rare amount of earth elements also exhibit ferromagnetism like gadolinium. Unlike other materials, ferromagnetic materials absorb magnets easily, and in strong magnetic fields, the magnetic field approaches a specific point called saturation filtration.
When the field is used and then taken away, there is no change in the magnetism and it remains aloof from its original value — this is called hysteresis (q.v.). When a ferromagnetic material is heated beyond a certain temperature called the curie point(q.v.), which differs from each element, it loses its characteristic properties and is no more magnetic. However, cooling the magnet makes it ferromagnetic again.
Permanent magnets (objects that can be magnetised with an external magnetic field and remain magnetic after exposure to the outer surface) can be ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic, as well as objects that are significantly attracted to them. Only a few things are ferromagnetic.
Common metals cobalt, nickel, many alloys and other rare metal compounds. Ferromagnetism certainly plays an important role in the technological and industrialisation of modern industries. Many common use tools like motors and generators are dependent on ferromagnetism. Essential components in the computer world like HDDs also rely on ferromagnetism.
Ferromagnetism is a rare substance that occurs in only certain cases. The most common are metals, alloys, nickel, cobalt and their alloys and alloys of rare metals. It depends on various factors like the chemical composition of the material, its crystal structure and its microstructure. The ferromagnetism of these substances is because of an unchecked amount of unpaired electrons in the d-block when we talk about metals or in the f-block for compounds found using hund’s rule for maximum displacement.
Fritz Heusler discovered that some ferromagnetic materials are made up of constituents that themselves are not ferromagnetic. On the other hand, there are non-magnetic particles, such as stainless steel types, composed almost exclusively of ferromagnetic metals.
Ferromagnetic solutions
Ferromagnetic solutions are also known as ferrofluids. Ferrofluid is a liquid that is attracted to magnetic poles. A colloquial solution with nanoscale ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic material is suspended in a liquid solution (usually solvent or water). Each magnetic particle is carefully blended with a surfactant to prevent contact.
Unlike ferrofluids, magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid) is a magnetic fluid containing large particles. Ferrofluid contains mainly nanoparticles, while MR liquid contains mainly micrometre-scale particles. Brownian motion is the basis for suspending particles in a ferrofluid and usually will not remain under normal conditions. At the same time, the particles in the MR fluid cannot be suspended since their size is too big for Brownian Motion.
Therefore, the particles in the MR fluid will stabilise over time due to the natural differences in density between the particles and their corporate fluid. As a result, ferrofluids and MR liquid applications are drastically different..
Small nanoscale particles of Hematite and magnetite form the composition of Ferrofluid or other compounds containing iron and liquids (usually oil). This is small enough for the thermal shock to disperse evenly within the carrying fluid and contribute to the whole liquid’s magnetic response. An analogy can be drawn with salt solution containing ions (such as an aqueous solution of copper (II) sulphate or manganese (II) chloride), making the solution paramagnetic. The composition of the typical ferrofluid is about 5% solid magnet, 10% surfactant and 85% carrier by volume.
The particles in ferrofluids are dissolved in a liquid, usually using a surfactant, so ferrofluids are colloidal suspension – substances with more than one substance. In this case, the two components of the object are the solid metal and the liquid in it. The unique ability of ferrofluids to change their respective categories solely based on whether the magnetic field is used or not makes them suitable for various types of usage like seals and lubricants and other applications in the field of nanoelectromechanical systems.
What are diamagnetic substances?
Magnets repel diamagnetic substances; the magnetic field used creates a magnetic field in them that turns in the opposite direction, causing a repulsive force. In contrast, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials are attracted to the magnetic field. Diamagnetism can be described as a quantum mechanical effect that can be seen in daily life; if it is the only contribution to magnetism, the material is called diamagnetic.
Conclusion
Ferromagnetism is a phenomenon in which certain items that can be charged with electricity attract others with energy. Two substances found in nature, lodestone (or magnetite, iron oxide, Fe3O4) and iron, have the potential to receive such attractive energy and are commonly referred to as natural ferromagnets.
Ferromagnetism is a kind of magnetism mostly found in alloys of iron, cobalt, nickel or a mixture of them. A rare amount of earth elements also exhibit ferromagnetism like gadolinium. Unlike other materials, ferromagnetic materials absorb magnets easily and in strong magnetic fields, the magnetic field approaches a specific point called saturation filtration.
Ferromagnetic solutions are also known as ferrofluids. Ferrofluid is a liquid that is attracted to magnetic poles. Small nanoscale particles of Hematite and magnetite form the composition of Ferrofluid or other compounds containing iron and liquids (usually oil). This is small enough for the thermal shock to disperse evenly within the carrying fluid and contribute to the whole liquid’s magnetic response.
