Isothermal and Adiabatic Process

Thermodynamics is the study of systems and things in connection to the measurement of their temperatures, movements, and other physical properties that is the focus of thermodynamics. This holds true for everything and everything, from single-celled creatures to the mechanical systems that make up the cosmos. As a result, thermodynamics may be thought of as a specialised field of science that works with the interactions between heat energy and other types of energy in general. Also included are descriptions of the conversion of thermal energy into other types of energy and its consequences for the substance they interact with. When it comes to processes, there are two extremely significant ones to consider: the isothermal process and the adiabatic process. Let’s take a look at isothermal and adiabatic process notes.

What are Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes

According to thermodynamics, an isothermal process refers to a kind of thermodynamic process in which the temperature (T) of a system stays constant: T = 0. If a system is in touch with an external thermal reservoir, and a change in the system happens slowly enough to enable the system to be continually adjusted to the temperature of the reservoir via heat exchange (see quasi-equilibrium), this is the most common scenario. An adiabatic process, on the other hand, is defined as a process in which a system exchanges no heat with its surroundings (Q = 0). 

Examples of Isothermal Process

A process known as isothermal happens in systems that have some way of adjusting the temperature of the system. System types ranging from highly organised machines to living cells are all affected by this process. A few instances of isothermal processes are provided in the next section. 

• Isothermal processes include the changes in state or phase of distinct liquids that occur as a result of the melting and evaporation of the liquids involved in the process. 
• The Carnot engine is one of the industrial applications of the isothermal process that comes to mind. Some cycles in this engine are carried out isothermally, while others are carried out adiabatically. 
• A refrigerator operates on the isothermal principle. There are a number of changes that take place in the refrigerator’s mechanism, yet the temperature inside stays consistent. The thermal energy is extracted from the system and transferred to the surrounding environment in this section. 

What exactly is the adiabatic process? 

As defined in thermodynamics, an adiabatic process is any change that occurs inside a system as a consequence of the transfer of energy into or out of the system in the form of work alone; that is, no heat is transported. An adiabatic gas expands or contracts rapidly, and thus is extremely close to being adiabatic.  

Heated and cooled in an adiabatic manner 

The adiabatic compression of a gas results in an increase in the temperature of the gas being compressed. Temperature decreases as a result of adiabatic expansion against pressure, or as a result of a spring. Free expansion, on the other hand, is an isothermal process in the case of an ideal gas. 

Adiabatic heating occurs when the pressure of a gas is increased by the work done on it by its surroundings. For example, a piston compressing a gas contained within a cylinder and raising the temperature in a situation where, in many practical situations, heat conduction through walls is slow compared to the time required for the compression. 

Adiabatic Process Example

There are various examples, some of which are listed below: 

• In this process, heat is created as a result of a compression of the gas. As an example, the release of air from a pneumatic tyre would be one of the most straightforward. 
• Adiabatic Efficiency is a term that is used to describe the efficiency of devices such as nozzles, compressors, and turbines. One of the many useful uses of the adiabatic process is in the manufacturing industry. 
• The oscillation of a pendulum on a vertical plane is an example of this phenomenon. 
• An adiabatic system, such as a quantum harmonic oscillator, is also an example of a quantum harmonic oscillator. 
• When we place the ice in the icebox, no heat is lost and no heat is gained in return. 

Adiabatic Expansion

The phrase “adiabatic expansion” refers to the ideal behaviour of a system in which the temperature continues changing, but the pressure stays constant throughout time. It is often used to refer to a closed system. 

Adiabatic Compression: The increase in internal energy of the air in the system is equivalent to the increase in external work done. This means that heat is neither removed nor added from the surrounding air to the system. Increases in temperature cause pressure to rise faster than volume in a closed system, and this is known as the pressure-volume relationship. 

Examples:

1. Putting an ice cube in an icebox has no effect on the amount of heat that is emitted or absorbed. 
2. Nozzles, compressors, and turbines all operate on the concept of adiabatic efficiency to maximise their efficiency. 

Isothermal Process

If the temperature remains constant throughout the operation, it is referred to as an isothermal process. It refers to the fact that an isothermal process happens in a system where the temperature does not change over time. However, in order to maintain a constant temperature in the system, heat must either be supplied into the system or moved out of the system. 

Under normal circumstances, two criteria may be met for an isothermal reaction to take place; they are: 

• By releasing heat, the system gradually adapts the temperature of the system to the temperature of its surroundings. 
• When the system steadily adapts the temperature of the system to the temperature of its surroundings by absorbing heat, this is referred to as the second case. This occurs when the temperature of the surrounding environment is higher than the temperature of the system and there is no longer any thermal equilibrium maintained. 

Conclusion

If a system comes into touch with a thermal reservoir from the outside, the system gradually changes its temperature to match the temperature of the reservoir in order to preserve thermal equilibrium. Another phenomena, on the other hand, is the absence of heat transmission between a system and its surrounding environment. The temperature of the system is altered throughout this procedure. The Adiabatic Process is the name given to this procedure. 

At no point in this process do either matter or heat transfer take place. As a result, it is recognised as a reversible process. Also known as adiabatic thermodynamic process, it is a thermodynamic process in which work transfers are frictionless and the system is adiabatic. It is important in engineering because it may be used to demonstrate real-world process models and to make significant comparisons across systems.