WHAT IS CHEMICAL COMBINATION

The composition of an element’s nucleus and the placement of electrons outside are referred to as its atomic structure. Protons, electrons, and neutrons are the building blocks of matter’s atomic structure. The atom’s nucleus is composed of protons & neutrons, and it is surrounded by electrons. The total number of protons in an element’s nucleus is described by its atomic number. 

An atom’s basic structure is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. These essential components provide the mass & charge of the atoms. The nucleus is made up of the proton and neutron, with the electron revolving around it.

A chemical reaction occurs when two or more atoms or compounds unite to create a new product. Compounds are created by combining components. Chemical combination is governed by three laws. 

(1) The law of constant composition holds that no matter how a compound is produced, the proportions of the elements in it will always be the same. The law of definite proportions, or even the law of constant proportions, is another name for it. 

(2) When two elements A and B mix to form more than one compound, the masses of B which combine with a fixed weight of A are in simple ratio to one another, according to the law of multiple proportions. Carbon, for example, splits into two oxides. 12 grams of carbon are joined with 16 grams of oxygen (CO) in one, while 12 grams of carbon are combined with 32 grams of oxygen (CO) in the other (CO2). The ratio of oxygen masses mixing with a fixed amount of carbon is 16:32, or 1:2. 

(3) If two elements A and B each produce a compound with a third element C, the law of comparable proportions asserts that a compound of A and B will include A and B in the relative proportions wherein they react with C. Sulphur and carbon, for example, both create hydrogen compounds. 12 g of carbon reacts with 4 g of hydrogen to form methane. 32 g of sulphur reacts with 2 g of hydrogen to get hydrogen sulphide (64 g of S for 4 g of hydrogen). Sulphur and carbon combine to generate a molecule with a C:S ratio of 12:64. (i.e., CS2). The law is also known as the reciprocal proportions law.

CAUSE OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION:

Chemical combination (or chemical bonding) permits atoms to achieve the electrical configuration of a noble gas and so become more stable. Atoms share or transfer electrons in order to completely fill their outermost shells and achieve stability. 

Atoms, with the exception of noble gases, have insecure electronic configurations (their outermost shell is incomplete). The driving force for atoms to combine is linked to each atom’s tendency to acquire a stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas.

CHEMICAL COMBINATION LAWS:

The combining of different components to create compounds is governed by a set of basic rules. These guidelines are known as the laws of chemical combination. The chemical interactions of elements are regulated by five fundamental chemical rules:

The Law of Mass Conservation:

 According to this law, matter can’t be created and destroyed in any manner. In other words, the overall mass of the reacting mixture as well as the products generated does not change. Antoine Lavoisier published this law in 1789, based on the information he obtained after studying a number of combustion reactions.

The Law of Definite Proportion:

It states that the proportion of components by weight in a given chemical will always remain the same, according to Joseph Proust, a French chemist. In simple terms, the percent composition of components by mass will always be the same, regardless of the compound’s source, origin, or quantity.

The Law of Multiple Proportion:

It states that the proportion of components by weight in a particular compound will always be the same, according to French chemist Joseph Proust. Simply put, the average concentration of components by mass remains constant independent of the compound’s source, origin, or quantity.

Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes: 

Based on his results, Gay Lussac passed this regulation in 1808. If all gases are at the same temperature and pressure, they can be generated or mixed in a chemical reaction in a simple volume ratio. This law can be considered a version of the fixed proportions law. Gay Lussac’s Law is defined in terms of volume, whereas the law of definite proportions is defined in terms of mass.

Avogadro’s Law: 

This law was proposed by Avogadro in 1811. Under the same temperature and pressure, the same volume of all gases contains an equal number of molecules. This means that two litres of hydrogen plus two litres of oxygen will have the same number of molecules if they are at the same pressure and temperature.

EXAMPLES:

When oxygen and hydrogen mix, a water molecule is created. It’s a mash-up of reactions.

                                                               2H + O2 → 2H2O

When the elements calcium and oxygen are mixed, calcium oxide is produced.

                                                                2Ca + O2 →  2CaO

 Ammonia is created when nitrogen and hydrogen are combined.             

                                                                 2NH3 →  N2 + 3H2

When calcium oxide combines with water, calcium hydroxide is generated.

                                                             CaO + H2O →  Ca(OH)2

 When sulphur dioxide and oxygen are mixed, sulphur trioxide is created.

                                                                 2SO3 →  2SO2 + O2

CONCLUSION:

When one element combines with another to form two or more different compounds, the mass of one reacts in a simple ratio with a constant mass of the other. When two or more atoms or compounds combine to form a new product, it is called a chemical reaction.

A chemical compound is formed when two separate elements are chemically combined—that is, chemical bonds develop between their atoms. The majority of elements on Earth create chemical compounds with other elements, such as sodium (Na) plus chloride (Cl), which combine to form table salt (NaCl).