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Protons are the positively charged particles that make up a hydrogen atom’s nucleus.
In an atom, the protons, electrons, and neutrons make up the atom’s structure. The nucleus, which sits in the middle of an atom, houses all of the atom’s mass. There are two types of nucleons in the nucleus: protons and neutrons.
Discovery of Proton :
Goldstein discovered in 1886 that the charge-to-mass ratio of positive particles is affected by the type of gas present in the discharge tubing. This means that the e/m ratio (a measure of charge to mass) fluctuated with the gas.
A proton was the name given to the particle in the discharge tube’s positive rays.
H (hydrogen atom) – H+ + e–
As a result, the proton can be classified as a hydrogen ion (H+).
Proton Characteristics
Protons, as previously established, have a positive charge with the following properties:
An atom of hydrogen has the same mass as a proton. There are two protons and one electron in a hydrogen atom. Hydrogen atom’s mass is equal to the proton’s since an electron’s mass is regarded as unimportant. Proton’smass is 1.676 10-27 kg = 1.676 10-24 g = 1.6726219 10-27kg
Charge of a proton – The charge of a proton is equal to and in the opposite direction of the charge of an electron. This results in a single positive charge on the particle.The charge carried by a proton is 1.602×10-19 coulombs.
Nuclear Electrons :
Subatomic particles with a charge of -1 are known as electrons. A proton’s charge is identical to that of an electron’s charge (but has an opposite sign). As a result, for an atom or molecule to be electrically neutral, the number of protons and electrons must be equal. An electron has a mass approximately one-eighth that of a proton (roughly one-eighth of the mass of the proton), despite the fact that their charges are the same.
The electron was discovered in 1897 by English physicist J.J.Thomson through his research with cathode ray tubes.
Charge of an electron: An electron is a positively charged particle that has a negative charge. The negative charge has a magnitude of 1.602×10-19 coulombs and is extremely large.
Electron Mass: The mass of an electron is 9.10938356 10-31 kilogrammes. The electron has a very small mass when compared to the proton.
Compounds and Electrons:
The fundamental subatomic particles protons, electrons, and neutrons were later found by scientists. A nucleus is the bulk mass in the centre of an atom. The electron’s discovery is attributed to J.J. Thompson. He performed an experiment on cathode rays and proved that they are electrically charged particles through the results of the experiment. Cathode rays travel at a much slower rate than the speed of light. Cathode rays have a charge-to-mass ratio that may be calculated. As a result of his research, Thompson determined that cathode rays have a mass 1/1000th that of a hydrogen ion (which is a proton). Known as electrons, cathode ray particles have a negative electric charge.
Electrons are negatively charged and massless particles. An atom’s mass is equal to the total of its protons and neutrons.
Protons:
The positively charged atom nucleus particle known as a proton. Protons in a nucleus determine an element’s atomic number, which can be seen in the periodic table of elements. The proton has a charge of +1 (or, alternatively, 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs), which is the polar opposite of the electron’s -1 charge. However, there is no contest in terms of mass: the proton’s mass is roughly 1,836 times that of an electron.
Proton’s discovery:
In 1918, Ernest Rutherford discovered the proton. (Though Eugene Goldstein’s work has previously introduced the concept). The proton was assumed to be an elementary particle until quarks were discovered.
Proton Specifications:
The proton is a nucleon because it is found in the atomic nucleus. It is a fermion since it has a spin of -1/2. It is a tri quark baryon, a form of hadron, because it is made up of three quarks. (At this point, it should be evident that physicists adore categorising particles.)
Prout’s hypothesis
Prout’s hypothesis was a concept about the interior structure of the atom proposed in the early nineteenth century to explain the presence of numerous chemical elements. In two publications published in 1815 and 1816, English scientist William Prout discovered that the atomic weights determined for the elements known at the time looked to be entire multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen.
When Ernest Rutherford succeeded in “knocking” hydrogen nuclei out of nitrogen atoms with alpha particles in 1917, he concluded that perhaps all elements’ nuclei were made of such particles (the hydrogen nucleus), which he proposed be named protons in 1920, from the suffix “-on” for particles added to the stem of Prout’s word “protyle.” Rutherford’s hypothesis was that a nucleus made up of Z+N=A protons plus N electrons was somehow trapped within, decreasing the positive charge to +Z as observed and somewhat explaining beta decay radioactivity. Such a nuclear constitution was recognised to be incompatible with classical or early quantum dynamics, but it looked inevitable until Rutherford’s neutron hypothesis and Chadwick’s discovery.
Nuclear reaction
A nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to form one or more new nuclides in nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry. As a result, a nuclear reaction must transform at least one nuclide into another. The process is referred to as a sort of nuclear scattering rather than a nuclear reaction when a nucleus interacts with another nucleus or particle and then separates without changing the nature of any nuclide. In theory, a reaction can involve more than two particles colliding, but because the likelihood of three or more nuclei colliding at the same time and in the same place is substantially lower than the probability of two nuclei colliding, such an event is extremely unusual (see triple alpha process for an example very close to a three-body nuclear reaction).
Natural nuclear reactions occur when cosmic rays collide with matter, and nuclear reactions may be used artificially to generate nuclear energy on demand at a variable pace. Induced nuclear fission is the result of nuclear chain reactions in fissionable materials.
Conclusion :
Protons are the positively charged particles that make up a hydrogen atom’s nucleus.The electron was discovered in 1897 by English physicist J.J.Thomson through his research with cathode ray tubes.A nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to form one or more new nuclides in nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry.
